Method to dynamically distribute a multi-dimensional work set across a multi-core system

ABSTRACT

A method provides efficient dispatch/completion of an N Dimensional (ND) Range command in a data processing system (DPS). The method comprises: a compiler generating one or more commands from received program instructions; ND Range work processing (WP) logic determining when a command generated by the compiler will be implemented over an ND configuration of operands, where N is greater than one (1); automatically decomposing the ND configuration of operands into a one (1) dimension (1D) work element comprising P sequentially ordered work items that each represent one of the operands; placing the 1D work element within a command queue of the DPS; enabling sequential dispatching of 1D work items in ordered sequence from to one or more processing units; and generating an ND Range output by mapping the 1D work output result to an ND position corresponding to an original location of the operand represented by the 1D work item.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention generally relates to multi-processor dataprocessing systems and in particular to operations on data processingsystems configured with multiple processing units. Still moreparticularly, the present invention relates to a method and system forcompleting parallel processing of distributed work across multipleprocessing units of a multi-core data processing system.

2. Description of the Related Art

Advanced computing processes enable the completion of work as amulti-dimension work set. For example, in computing standards designedfor executing operations on two or three dimensional objects (e.g.,OpenCL™), an N Dimensional (ND) Range command is provided that enablesthe multi-dimensional work set to be scheduled using an index space thatequals the N dimensions, where the work is then iterated over that Ndimensional space. With these convention methods for completing workacross a multi-dimensional space, there are built in complexities thatmake it very difficult to efficiently schedule work and/or efficientlycommunicate which work (across the multiple dimensions) is scheduled andcompleted.

SUMMARY OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Disclosed are a method, computer system architecture, and computerprogram product for efficient dispatch/completion of an N Dimensional(ND) Range command in a data processing system. The methodimplementation comprises: a compiler generating one or more commandsfrom received program instructions, wherein said one or more commandsare utilized by a runtime scheduler to schedule work for execution onone or more processing units within the data processing system; ND Rangework processing (WP) logic associated with the compiler determining whena command generated by the compiler will be implemented over an ND Rangeof operands that are arranged in an N dimensional configuration, where Nis greater than one (1); when N is greater than one (1), automaticallydecomposing the ND Range of operands into a one (1) dimension workelement comprising P sequentially ordered work items that eachrepresent, within the one dimensional work element, one of the ND Rangeof operands; placing the single dimension work element within one ormore entries of a command queue of the data processing system, whereineach of the one or more entries holds a 1D array of work items in anordered sequence; enabling sequential dispatch of the 1D array of workitems from the command queue to the one or more processing units,wherein the 1D array of work items are dispatched for execution in theordered sequence; and generating an ND Range output by mapping singledimension work output result to an ND position corresponding to anoriginal location of the ND Range operand represented by the singledimension work item.

The above summary is not intended as a comprehensive description of theclaimed subject matter but, rather, is intended to provide a briefoverview of some of the functionality associated therewith. Othersystems, methods, functionality, features and advantages of the claimedsubject matter will be or will become apparent to one with skill in theart upon examination of the following figures and detailed writtendescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The claimed subject matter and equivalents thereof will best beunderstood by reference to the following detailed description ofillustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanyingfigures, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example multi-node, distributed data processingsystem architecture with multiple nodes each having multiple processorcores and local memory, within which features of one or more of thedescribed embodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art implementation of a non-uniform memoryaccess (NUMA) system with two processing nodes having local work queuesof pre-distributed portions of work, which are periodically re-balancedusing a work queue re-balancing algorithm;

FIG. 3 illustrates a first example of a multi-core, multi-nodeprocessing system configured with a shared global command queue (GCQ)having an Approved Processor Units (APU) mask associated with each workentry and processor unit (PU) masks associated with each processor coreto enable selective retrieval of work by approved processor cores withinthe system, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates a logical comparison of a PU mask of a processor coreto an APU mask of a work element within the GCQ to determine whichprocessor cores are allowed to retrieve work items from the workelement, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates a work request operation with subsequent retrieval ofwork items from a work element by processor cores whose PU mask matchedthe APU mask of the work element, according to one embodiment;

FIGS. 6A-6D provides a sequence of block diagrams representing anexample global command queue with APU mask and illustratingmodifications to count variables within the global command queue as workitems are retrieved from a work element for processing by one or morepre-selected processor cores, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of the method by which select processor cores areallocated for dispatching a work element and a corresponding APU maskand count variables are generated and assigned to the work elementwithin the GCQ, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 8. is a flow chart of the method by which processor cores areverified for allocation of work items from the work element in the GCQutilizing the APU mask and count variables to track completion ofexecution of the work items and the work element, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 9 is a multi-node processing system architecture with high latencybetween one or more processing nodes and the GCQ, where efficientprocessing of a work element is supported by local work queues providedat each processing node, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 10 illustrates a hybrid multi-core data processing systemarchitecture with local work queue provided only for those processingnodes that have a high access latency to the GCQ, according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 11 illustrates work retrieval from a work element by firstprocessor cores with low access latency to the GCQ and second processorcores with high access latency to the GCQ, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates work completion processes at a processing node withhigh access latency to the GCQ via a local work queue, according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart of the method by which work is retrieved fromthe GCQ and executed at first processing nodes with low access latencyto the GCQ and second processing nodes with high access latency to theGCQ, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart of the method by which processor cores of thehigh latency processor node execute work items from the local workqueue, tracks the amount of work items remaining within the local workqueue, and issues requests to retrieve additional work from the GCQ forthe processor node, according to one or more embodiments; and

FIG. 15 is a flow chart of the method by which the GCQ logic dynamicallycalculates the chunk size of work to forward to a high latencyprocessing node requesting work from a work element, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 16A illustrates the decomposition of a 4×4, two (2) dimensional(2D) range work set by a compiler/ND Range decomposition logic (logic)into a single (one) dimensional work element (array), according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 16B illustrates sequential processing of the single dimensionalwork element (array) utilizing a combination of remaining work itemtally and chunk size, and subsequent reconfiguration by thecompiler/logic into a 2D Range output, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 17A illustrates the decomposition of a 4×2×2, three (3) dimensional(3D) range work set by a compiler/logic into a single (one) dimensionalwork element (array), according to one embodiment;

FIG. 17B illustrates processing by the processing units of the singledimension work element of FIG. 17A and subsequentreconfiguration/re-composition by the compiler/logic into a 3D Rangeoutput, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a flow chart of the decomposition of a multi-dimensionalrange work set into a representative one-dimensional work element forefficient dispatching of work items to multiple processor cores,according to one embodiment;

FIGS. 19A-19F provides a sequence of diagrams illustrating (a) thedecomposition of a 3×3×3, three (3) dimensional (3D) range work set intoa single dimension (1D) array (work element) of sequentially arrangedwork items and (b) subsequent sequential processing of the singledimension work element utilizing a combination of remaining work itemtally and chunk size, in accordance with one embodiment; and

FIG. 20 is a flow chart of the generation/re-composition of amulti-dimensional range output from the single dimension work outputgenerated from the execution of a corresponding, single dimension workelement, according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The illustrative embodiments provide a method, multi-node, multi-coresystem architecture, and computer program product or article ofmanufacture that enables efficient dispatch/completion of an NDimensional (ND) Range command in a data processing system (DPS). Themethod implementation comprises, among other steps: a compilergenerating one or more commands from received program instructions; NDRange work processing (WP) logic determining when a command generated bythe compiler will be implemented over an ND configuration of operands,where N is greater than one (1); automatically decomposing the NDconfiguration of operands into a one (1) dimension (1D) work elementcomprising P sequentially ordered work items that each represent one ofthe operands; placing the 1D work element within a command queue of theDPS; enabling sequential dispatching of 1D work items in orderedsequence from to one or more processing units; and generating an NDRange output by mapping the 1D work output result to an ND positioncorresponding to an original location of the operand represented by the1D work item.

In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of theinvention, specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may bepracticed are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled inthe art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that otherembodiments may be utilized and that logical, architectural,programmatic, mechanical, electrical and other changes may be madewithout departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Thefollowing detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in alimiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined onlyby the appended claims.

Within the descriptions of the figures, similar elements are providedsimilar names and reference numerals as those of the previous figure(s).Where a later figure utilizes the element in a different context or withdifferent functionality, the element is provided a different leadingnumeral representative of the figure number (e.g, 1 xx for FIGS. 1 and 2xx for FIG. 2). The specific numerals assigned to the elements areprovided solely to aid in the description and not meant to imply anylimitations (structural or functional) on the invention.

It is understood that the use of specific component, device and/orparameter names are for example only and not meant to imply anylimitations on the invention. The invention may thus be implemented withdifferent nomenclature/terminology utilized to describe thecomponents/devices/parameters herein, without limitation. Each termutilized herein is to be given its broadest interpretation given thecontext in which that terms is utilized. Specifically, the followingterms, which are utilized herein, are defined as follows:

-   -   (1) Approved Processing Units (APU): processor cores that have a        bit mask represented (i.e., set to 1) in a global bit mask (APU        mask) linked to a specific work element within the global        command queue (GCQ). The APUs are the processor cores among all        processor cores in the overall system that are allowed to        process work from a particular work set within the global        command queue.    -   (2) Kernel/Work Element: a combination of a function to be        executed and the number of times to execute the function over a        particular set of input data. Each execution of the function on        a unique data is referred to herein as a “work item”, and each        work element is assumed to comprise multiple work items which        can be executed across multiple different processing nodes by        multiple different processing units.    -   (3) Work Item: a base element of a data set (e.g., a byte, a        string, an integer number, an floating point number, a pixel, an        array, a data structure, etc.).    -   (4) Work Group: a group of work items, which group is referred        to herein as a “work element” when placed in a single entry of a        global command queue.    -   (5) ND Range Size: a number of work items in an index space.    -   (6) Work Group Size: a number of work items in a work group,        where the number divides into a ND Range Size without a        remainder.    -   (7) Kernel: a function that processes a work item to produce a        result, where the function is implemented by one or more        instructions executable by a processor core.    -   (8) Kernel Object: a kernel and argument(s) to use when        executing the kernel.    -   (9) Work Item Remaining (WIR) Counter: a counter that tracks the        number of work items within a work element and which is        decremented each time one or more work items are removed by a        processor core. The amount of the decrement is equal to the        number of work items removed by the processor core, and the        counter is decremented until the counter value reaches or goes        below zero.    -   (10) Seen Counter: a counter which tracks the number of approved        processing units that have seen/queried the work element for        work. The seen counter is initially set to the total number of        APUs that are assigned to the work element, and the counter is        subsequently decremented each time a different one of the APUs        checks the work element for work while the WIR Counter value is        at or below zero. A work element is removed from the GCQ        whenever the Seen Counter reaches zero.

In the following descriptions, headings or section labels are providedto separate functional descriptions of portions of the inventionprovided in specific sections. These headings are provided to enablebetter flow in the presentation of the illustrative embodiments, and arenot meant to imply any limitation on the invention or with respect toany of the general functions described within a particular section.Material presented in any one section may be applicable to a nextsection and vice versa.

A. System Architecture

As provided herein, the invention is applicable to any number ofdifferent configurations of such multi-core systems, including onesconfigured as large scale parallel processing system, or ones configuredas non-uniform memory access (NUMA) processing system, or other type ofmulti-core processing system, including parallel processing systems. Thedescriptions provided herein assume no specific architecture, other thana multi-core architecture. However, certain features are assumedimplemented in multi-node architectures (i.e., system with multipleprocessing nodes) in which one or more processing nodes exhibit lowlatency when accessing a global/shared memory structure, while otherfeatures are assumed to be implemented in multi-node architectures inwhich one or more processing nodes exhibit high latency when accessingthe global/shared memory structure.

As further described below, implementation of the functional features ofthe invention is provided within processing nodes and involves use of acombination of hardware, firmware, as well as several software-levelconstructs. The presented figures illustrate both hardware and softwarecomponents within an example distributed, multi-node computingenvironment in which multiple physically separate processing nodes,interconnected via a general system interconnect and/or a networkinterface device (NID) and/or host fabric interface (HFI) and/or one ormore other forms of interconnects (e.g., switches, and the like),provide a distributed data processing system that executes one or moreND work sets via a plurality of processor cores. The illustrative anddescribed embodiments assume that the system architecture may be scaledto a much larger number of processing nodes.

Turning now to the figures, and in particular to FIG. 1, whichillustrates an example multi-node, distributed Data Processing System(DPS) architecture within which the described embodiments may beadvantageously implemented. As shown, DPS architecture 100 comprises alocal processing system 101, which is coupled to a remove computingdevice 170 via an interconnect 165, such as a network fabric or switch.Local processing node 101 comprises a plurality of processing nodes ofwhich processing node0 110A and processing nodeN 110B are illustrated.Processing node0 110A and processing nodeN 110B are coupled to systeminterconnect 140, which serves as and may interchangeably be referred toas data buses.

System interconnect 140 provides connectivity within processing system101 to various devices, including but not limited to, memory controllers150A, 150B and input/output (I/O) controller 156. Network controllers150A, 150B controls access to respective system memory devices 152A,152B. Depending on system design, memory controllers 150A, 150B may beassigned to respective processing nodes 110A or 110B, and/or may bephysically located on the processor chip or at some other locationwithin the overall system architecture. It is appreciated that thepresence of multiple memory controllers 150A, 150B is a designparameter, and that the local processing system 101 may be configuredwith a single memory controller in an alternate embodiment. In oneembodiment, I/O controller 156 provides control over/by one or more I/Odevices 158, such as a pointing device, display monitor, and the like.

In addition to system memory devices 152A, 152B of the overall system,each processing node 110A and 110B has an associated node local memory154A, 154B, which allows for staging of work at the processing nodewithout requiring the processing node to have to retrieve each piece ofwork individually from the system memory 152A, 152B or other remote (orhigh latency) location. Each processing node 110A, 110B has a pluralityof processor cores, although it is possible for the nodes to be singlecore nodes. As shown, processor node 110A comprises N+1 cores, numberedcore_0 though core_N, where N is an integer greater than zero. Likewise,processor node 110B comprises M+1 cores, numbered core_0 though core_M,where M is an integer greater than zero. So as to simplify thedescription of the embodiments, both N and M are assumed to be integerthree (3), such that processing node 110A has four (4) processor cores111-114 and processing node 110B has four (4) processor cores 115-119.Where utilized herein, the term processing units are assumed to besynonymous with processor cores.

The use of the integer variables “N” and “M” to cap the number ofprocessor cores in respective processing nodes 110A and 110B merelyindicates that each processing node can include a variable number ofseparate processor cores, with N and M being integers of any sizegreater than 0 (assuming a multi-core implementation for respectiveprocessing nodes). The number of processing nodes deployed in a givensystem architecture is implementation-dependent and can vary widely. Itis appreciated that the embodiments described herein enables scaling toa much larger number of processing nodes and even larger number ofprocessor cores. Within the described embodiments, local processingsystem 101 is assumed to be the source of the ND Range work set that isgenerated and processed by the processor cores within DPS architecture100.

As further illustrated, local processing system 101 also includesstorage 120, within which are stored several of the firmware andsoftware components that enable generation of work and ND Range worksets for execution by one or more of the processing units. Providedwithin storage 120 are several operating systems (OSes) 122-124,applications 126-127, compiler 125, GCQ scheduler 130, ND Range WorkScheduling (WS) logic 131, and ND range parameters 133 (which may alsobe stored in system memory 152). In one embodiment, GCQ scheduler 130 islogic that is executed by a processing unit to receive work kernels froma compiler and schedule the work for dispatch to/by one or more of themultiple processor cores within the DPS architecture 100. In oneembodiment, the work set that is operated on is retrieved by compiler125 from one or more of applications 125-126 and/or OSes 122-124, orfrom some other source (not illustrated herein). Further, localprocessing system 101 includes global command queue (GCQ) 320, which maybe stored in storage 120 or within system memory 152A. Local storage ofGCQ 320 enables low latency access to GCQ by processor cores, such ascores 0-N and 0-M, when these processor cores are looking for work tocomplete.

In one embodiment, compiler 125 includes a just in time (JIT) compilerthat produces one or more kernels in accordance with a method or processassociated with processing work. For example, application 126 canimplement a method or process associated with processing work, and inresponse to an execution of application 126, the JIT compiler canproduce one or more kernels to process a data set or work. Whilegenerally illustrated as software implemented components, thefunctionality of the GCQ logic, WS logic, compiler, and other functionallogic generally described herein (e.g., LCQ logic) may be implemented ashardware or a combination of hardware and software, in some embodiments.

Local processing system 101 includes or is coupled to a switch or otherglobal interconnect (e.g., interconnect 165) to which multiple otherprocessing nodes may be connected. As illustrated, local processingsystem 101 is communicatively connected to remote computing device 170via interconnect 165, which may be a network fabric or switch.Connection to interconnect 165 is provided via network interfacecontroller (NIC) 160, which may be a host fabric interface (HFI).Interconnect 165 may be a single general interconnect to which all nodesconnect or may comprise one or more subnets (not shown) connecting asubset of processing nodes to each other and/or to local processingsystem 101, in one of several alternate configurations.

Remote computing device 170 provides additional computing resourceswithin DPS architecture 100, such as remote processing node 110C andassociated local memory 154C. Remote processing node 110C comprises atleast one processor core, of which core0 171 is provided. Whereprocessing node 110C is a multi-core processing node, processing node110C may comprise P+1 cores, of which core_P 172 is illustrated. Withthis multi-core configuration, “P” is an integer greater than or equalto one. For purposes of describing the illustrative embodiments, P isassumed to be one (1), such that processing node 110C has two (2)processing cores. Also, because of the relative distance between remotecomputing device 170 and specifically processing node 110C from the workstaging area within local processing system 101, core_0 171 and core_P172 are described in some embodiments as cores exhibiting high latencyduring shared work retrieval and/or balancing, as will become clearly inthe descriptions which follow.

The illustrated configuration of multi-node DPS architecture multipleprocessing nodes is presented herein for illustrative purposes only. Thefunctional features of the embodiments described herein therefore applyto different configurations of data processing systems. Those skilled inthe art will appreciate that DPS architecture 100 of FIG. 1 can includemany additional components, such as interconnect bridges, ports forconnection to networks or attached devices, and the like (none of whichare illustrated herein). Because such additional components are notnecessary for an understanding of the present invention, they are notillustrated in FIG. 1 or discussed further herein.

B. Architecture for Low Latency Work Retrieval by Processing Units

Certain of the features of the described embodiments may lend themselvesto N Dimensional (ND) Range processing/execution paradigms, such asprovided by OpenCL™ and similarly structured applications executed onmulti-core data processing systems in which an execution commandcontains the information necessary to efficiently execute and balancework load of the command, which may include data or task parallelprocessing requirements. Each command includes information correspondingto the total number of work groups within the command to be executed.The compiler of the processing system receives the command and generateskernels of work, which are scheduled on one or more of the availableprocessor cores of the processing system. With a conventional multi-nodeprocessing system, the scheduling of work items associated with eachkernel may be completed as entire work groups, utilizing local nodequeues as illustrated by FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 thus illustrates a conventional configuration of a multi-nodeprocessing system 200 in which work generated by a command is executedby processor cores on different processing nodes 210A, 210B by dividingthe data set into work groups and arbitrarily and statically assigningthe work groups to separate, structured command queues (i.e., pre-setsized queues) that are physically located within each node. As shown,processing node 210A includes command queue 225A, while processing node210B includes command queue 225B. Scheduler 215 assigns differentportions of the entire work, perhaps based on memory affinity of theaddressing scheme of node local memory 254A, 254B relative to the dataelements within the work, without full consideration for load balancingacross the nodes. To complete the dispatch of work and account fordependencies, etc. the nodes have to communicate with each other and mayhave to move work around the different command queues. There isconsiderable amount of cross chatter between the nodes to providecoordination with each other as the work is being performed out of theirrespective local command queues. This configuration leads to workcontention over the system interconnect 140 as the processing coresoperate at different speeds and often have to rebalance the work loadamongst the nodes, leading to substantial amounts of inter-node chatter230 as the nodes attempt to move work around between the different workqueues (225A, 225B).

With reference now to FIG. 3, there is provided one embodiment of amulti-node processing system architecture 300, which includes softwareand hardware constructs to allow for effective and efficient workallocation to and completion by processing nodes and specificallyprocessor cores (on these processing nodes) when the processor coresexhibit low latency communication with system memory of local processingsystem 300 on which the work is being dispatched. In addition to thehardware structure presented in system architecture (100) of FIG. 1,which have been previously described, FIG. 3 provides a differentconfiguration and functionality of several of the software and firmwarecomponents introduced in FIG. 1 as well as two new constructs, whichtogether enable the functional features of the described embodiments.

Multi-node processing system architecture 300 is illustrated with threeprocessing nodes, processing node A 310A and processing node B 310B,each having four (4) processor cores (nodeA cores 111-114 and nodeBcores 115-118) and processing node C, with two processor cores (nodeCcores 171-172). Each processing core within system architecture 300(namely processing cores 111-114, processing cores 115-118, andprocessing cores 171-172) is provided a unique bit mask identifier (MB),which is associated/linked/encoded with each processor core and uniquelyidentifies the specific processor core from other processor cores withinthe overall system architecture 300. Thus, for example, core0 111 istagged with first bit mask (MB) 311, core1 112 is tagged with second bitmask 312, coreN 114 is tagged with fourth bit mask 314, core2 116 istagged with sixth bit mask 316, and so on. For simplicity, the bit masksare referred to herein as processing unit (PU) mask, such that eachprocessing unit/processor core has a unique mask identifier. Example PUmasks as well as their functionality are provided in FIG. 4, which isdescribed below. In one embodiment, each processor node (310A, 310B,310C) is also provide a node-level bit mask, nodeA mask (NM) 360A, nodeBmask 360B, and nodeC mask 360C to enable node level scheduling, asdescribed further below.

Turning now to the functional blocks in the upper portion of the figure,the executable/execution code of example application 126 is forwarded tocompiler 305, which processes the instructions/codes to generatecommands. These commands provide work divided into work groups, eachreferred to as kernel 310. The kernels 310 are forwarded to GCQscheduler 315. GCQ scheduler 315 is an enhanced runtime scheduler thatdynamically performs the functions of: (1) scheduling (placing) workelements into a global command queue (GCQ) 320; (2) selectiveallocating/assigning the work elements to specific selected processornodes or processing units (cores) from among the entire set of availableprocessor nodes or processing units; generating an APU mask (330)corresponding to the specific selected processor coresallocated/assigned the work element; and appending/linking or otherwiseassociating the APU mask (330) to the work element by forwarding the APUmask to GCQ 320. The above scheduler functions are performed at runtime,and the work items associated with the command are generated at runtimewhen the work element is placed in GCQ 320 for dispatch. In oneembodiment, the selectively allocating of the work elements to selectedprocessor cores involves and/or is based on a scheduling criteria thattakes into account workload allocation and work balancing across thesystem architecture, processing capabilities of the different types ofprocessing units (e.g., CPU, GPU, SPU), and other factors, which may bepre-programmed by the designer of the GCQ scheduler. The actualscheduling of the work elements at the GCQ then involves dispatchingwork items from the work element in the GCQ to only the selectedspecific processing nodes or the processing units, wherein thedispatching is responsive to receipt at the GCQ of work requests fromeach of the multiple processing nodes or the processing units,

The APU mask 320 represents a global bit mask and is a field of 1s and0s, with the 1s representing the processing units of the node(s) towhich the particular work element may be forwarded, and the 0sindicating that a particular processing unit has not been selected toprocess work for that work element. The actual size of APU mask 320scales based on the total number of processing nodes and processor coresavailable for consideration during allocation of work by GCQ scheduler315. In implementations where the division of work is per processingnodes, rather than at the granularity of processor cores, the APU maskrepresents a node mask, which is a bit mask identifying the specificprocessor node. Any processor core at that selected processing node maythen consume the work items from the work element.

In one embodiment, scheduler assigns a different APU mask to each workelement; However, it is contemplated that multiple work elements of asingle command (work) may be provided with the same APU mask, leading toan alternate embodiment in which a single APU mask may be utilized formultiple sequential work elements placed in the GCQ. An example GCQ 320is provided by FIGS. 6A-6D, which are described below. GCQ 320 may alsocomprise GCQ logic 335, which enables selective processor core retrievalof work elements and other aspects of the functionality describedhereafter.

It is important to note that the types of work being described hereinmay be work performed on an N Dimensional (ND) Range of data, which workis passed to the compute nodes, via the GCQ as an ND Range workinstruction. In an ND Range instruction, an N dimensional range of workis provided for execution in compute nodes by specific/selected ones ofthe processor cores, as identified by the APU mask. The value of N inthe ND Range and hence the number of dimensions is variable and may beany integer value greater than one (1). According to the describedembodiments, the ND Range instructions are executed per kernelinvocation, which sets the characteristics of the execution. With thedescribed implementation of GCQ 320, the APU mask 330 and otherexecution properties (and/or attributes of the work element) areattached to the work items themselves.

FIG. 6A illustrates an example GCQ 320, which comprises multiple queueentries, of which three entries are shown with enqueued work elements,WE_0, WE1, and WE_2. As provided by FIG. 6A, in addition to the actualwork element, each entry has a number of variables and/or attributes orproperties that are associated with (or linked to) the specific workelement, and which are stored in one of the pre-established fields ofthe GCQ entry. The first row of GCQ indicates the nomenclature providedfor each field of each of the GCQ entries. Thus each occupied/filled GCQentry includes the following fields of information: ND Range workelement 625; seen counter 627; work items remaining (WIR) counter 629;APU mask 330; and attributes 631. For purposes of description, thelast/bottom entry is the first entry in GCQ 320 and holds work elementzero (WE_0) with its associated properties, attributes, and/orvariables. As provided by the WIR count within WIR counter 629 of GCQ320, when WE_0 is initially placed within the GCQ entry, WE_0 includes16 work items within the work set/group generated by compiler 315 (andenqueued within GCQ) that remain to be executed by the selectedprocessing units. Additionally, as indicated by the seen count withinseen counter 627, the 16 work items may be executed by four (4)different selected processing units/cores, which have been identified byscheduler prior to placing the work element in the GCQ. The specificselected processor cores are identified by APU mask 320, which is asequence of bits that provide an ordered identification of whichprocessor cores of the N processor cores within the overall system havebeen assigned to process the 16 work items within WE_0.

In the described embodiments, the start value of the seen counter ispresented as the number of allocated processing units to/on which workitems of the specific work element may be dispatched or scheduled.However, in an alternate embodiment, the seen count is initiated with astart value equal to the total number of processing units within theoverall system. For example, with system architecture 300 of FIG. 3,assuming all processing nodes and corresponding processing units havebeen accounted for, the seen count would be initiated with a value often (10). With this alternate embodiment, decrementing of the seen countwould be triggered for each processor core that goes to the GCQ forwork, regardless of whether the processor core was actually one of theselected processor cores approved for dispatching/scheduling work itemsfrom the work element. Either embodiment may be implemented; however,the described embodiments assume the former implementation in which onlythe approved processor cores are accounted for by the seen count andonly those approved processor cores trigger a decrementing by the GCQlogic of the seen count for the particular work element.

Referring now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated an expanded view of thework items within WE_0 an the associated APU mask 330 which providesaccess to the work items by select ones of the processor cores withinexample system architecture 300. As shown, WE_0 comprises 16 individualwork items, from work item zero (WI_0) 401 through WI_15 416. The workitems are dispatched to requesting processor cores in a particulardispatch order, which for purposes of illustration, is assumed to be indescending order (WI_15 416, WI_14 415, and so on) until the last workitem WI_0 is assigned to a processor core. Associated with WE_0 is APUmask 320, which has a mask value of 10010101. The present exampleassumes that only processing node A 310A (FIG. 3) and processing node B310B (FIG. 3) are represented within APU mask, such that a maximum ofeight (8) processor cores from these two processing nodes may beassigned to process WE_0. Processing node C 310C does not include anyapproved processors (and the corresponding mask bits are 00 at the endof APU mask).

As shown by the example bit mask in FIG. 4, with a three nodeimplementation, each of nodes A and B having four processing units/coresand node C having two processing units/cores, APU mask 330 includes 10bits, one for each of the processing cores, such that if the workelement within GCQ is intended to be processed by node A (having cores 0through 3), then one of the first four bits in APU mask 330 will be setto 1. Conversely, if the work element is not intended to be processed byany processor cores in node C (having cores 8 and 9), then all of thelast two bits in APU mask 330 will be zero (i.e., the bits are not setto 1).

In the example of FIG. 4, APU mask 330 provides that four processorcores out of a total of ten (10) possible cores within the system areselected and/or assigned to process work for WE_0. With APU mask 330,each bit corresponding to each selected processor core is set to one(1), while the bits corresponding to the other processor cores remainzero (0). Thus, with ten processor cores in the overall system, forexample, an APU mask value of 1001010100 indicates that processor core0, 3, 5, and 7 have been selected to process the WE_0. With processingnodes A, B and C of processing system 300 (FIG. 3), these mask bitscorrespond to core0 111 and core3 114 of processing nodeA 310A and core1116 and core3 118 of processing nodeB 310B. For illustrative purposes,these processor cores are also shown as belonging to processing groups,which in one alternate embodiment enables work to be dispatched/grabbedat a processing group level (or node level) rather than the independentgrabbing of work by each processor core. It should be noted, that in analternate embodiment, a node-level allocation of work items can beimplemented by which all processor cores in a particular node share thesame node mask and the APU mask only tracks selected processor nodes.With the above example, of the three available nodes within the overallsystem, node A and node B are the selected processor nodes, and thevalue of the APU mask would be 110, with each bit representing aseparate node. The efficiencies of performing the comparisons of the APUmask against the node masks are clear from the significant reduction inthe number of bits that have to be tracked by GCQ logic 335.

FIG. 4 also illustrates part of the process by which the variousprocessor cores attempt to “grab” work from GCQ 320, and specificallyWE_0. When a processor core needs work, the core issues a work request,such as work request 440/441 to GCQ 320. The work request (440/441) isreceived and processed by GCQ logic 335 (FIG. 3). The work requests440/441 comprise PU mask of the requesting processor core, as well as achunk size parameter, indicating the amount of work (e.g., number ofwork items) the processor core would like to grab with the request. GCQlogic 335 and/or work request logic of the requesting processor corecompares the PU mask of the processor core with the APU mask todetermine whether the processor core may grab work items from WE_0. FIG.5 provides an illustration of one method of completing this comparison.As provided by FIG. 5, each processor core has an associated PU mask.When the processor core issues a request to the GCQ for work, the GCQlogic 335 performs a logical AND of the PU mask of the processor corewith the APU mask 330 to generate a result (i.e., a 1 or 0), where theresult (if a 1) indicates that the processor core is approved to grabwork from the corresponding work element. According to the example ofFIGS. 4 and 5, the AND operation with first operand of APU mask 330(with value of 10010101) with second operands of different PU masks(311-318) of the eight processor cores from the example system yields a“1” output/result for core0 111 and core3 114 of processing nodeA 310Aand core1 116 and core3 118 of processing nodeB 310B.

Thus, as provided by FIG. 4, these approved/assigned processor cores arethen able to grab work items in the work item dispatch order forexecution by the respective processor core. For illustrative purposes,one or more processor core(s) of processing nodeA 310A grab a first setof work items, while one or more processor core(s) of processing nodeB310B grabs the next sequential set of work items. However, the order inwhich processing cores grab work items is not dispositive, as long asthe work items are grabbed in a known sequence, which is maintained bythe scheduler and/or compiler, to enable re-creation of the output.

In the above described work scheduling and dispatch method and systemand according to the described embodiments, execution units process thecommands from a single GCQ comprising multiple queue entries. Within theGCQ, each entry holds a work element (or work group) comprising multiplework items that are dispatched for execution by specific processingunits identified by the APU mask 330 assigned/linked to the workelement. As provided by the described embodiments, theexecution/processing units are processing cores, which may be locatedacross a distributed network. However, while processor cores areemployed throughout the described and illustrative embodiments asexamples of execution units, in other embodiments, the execution unitsmay be any device that executed a command, including, but not limitedto, processing codes, CPUs, threads, and even complete computingsystems. Once a command is available on GCQ 335, each processor coreallowed to participate in the execution of the command (as identified bythe APU mask) atomically decrements the command's work items remaining(WIR) counter by a work reservation size (or chunk size) associated withthe processor core. The processor core reserves a corresponding numberof work items within a work group range for processing. Once theprocessor core has executed the requested work items, the processor coreattempts to reserve more work items. This reservation and dispatch ofwork items in a given reservation size by multiple processor corescontinues until the total number of work items within one entry of thecommand queue(s) have been processed.

With the above functionality of assigning work to processing coresutilizing a GCQ, APU masks and PU masks, the process for scheduling andcompleting all work involves one or more methods that involve generationand tracking of various parameters to enable efficient work scheduling,dispatch and execution. FIGS. 7 and 8 provide flow charts of examplemethods for completing the above processes. The methods of FIGS. 7 and 8are best understood when read in the context of the illustrations ofFIGS. 3-5 described above, as well as with reference to FIGS. 6A-6D,which are concurrently described. It is appreciated that the methods maybe recursive in nature; However, to simplify the descriptions, only asingle iteration of each method is illustrated and described. Variousportions of the method(s) are performed by processing unit executinginstruction code of the executing task/thread, while other portions maybe performed by firmware/logic associated with or executing on theprocessor. The method(s) is/are generally described from the perspectiveof processor operations, although it is understood that alternateembodiments of the method may be performed by GCQ logic 335 and GCQscheduler (logic) 315, for example.

The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The method of FIG. 7 begins at block 702 and proceeds to block 704 atwhich the compiler generates work elements (kernels or commands) frominstruction code provided by a source program. The compiler 305 forwardsthe commands/kernels 310 to the GCQ scheduler 315. During runtime, thescheduler (logic) 315 selects a set of one or more of the availableprocessing units (processor cores) from a global set of availableprocessing units to execute the command/kernel 310, as shown at block706. GCQ scheduler 315 also generates the APU mask corresponding to theselected set of available processing units, at block 708. As shown atblock 710, GCQ scheduler 315 also assigns (a) a seen count value basedon the number of selected processing units and (b) a work item remainingvalue based on the number of work items associated with the workelement. In an alternate embodiment, the WIR count may be generated andupdated by GCQ logic 335, perhaps based on a detection of the actualwork items scheduled within work element. Finally, as proved at block712, GCQ scheduler 315 forwards the APU mask 330, seen count, and WIRvalue to GCQ 320 when an entry becomes available in GCQ 320. The processthen ends at block 714.

At the termination of the above processes, GCQ 320 comprises an entrypopulated by the work element and associated properties, parameters andattributes. Referring again to FIG. 6A, WE_0 is populated in the firstentry of GCQ 320 and is ready for dispatch of its 16 work items by thefour approved processing units identified by the APU mask.

Turning now to FIG. 8, which depicts the method by which the work itemsof WE_0 are dispatched by the processor cores of the system. The methodbegins at initiation block 802. At block 804, first processing unit(e.g., processor core_0 311) issues a request to the GCQ to check theavailability of work. The request provided by first compute unitcomprises its PU mask and the chunk size, which are forwarded to GCQlogic 335. At block 806, the processing unit (or the GCQ logic) comparesthe PU mask with the APU mask of the first work element (and subsequentwork elements, if unsuccessful in scheduling work), and determines atdecision block 808 whether the comparison of the PU mask with the APUmask indicates that the PU is approved/authorized/pre-selected to grabwork items from that work element. According to one embodiment, and asillustrated by FIG. 5, the process by which a processing unit confirmsthat it is one of the selected processing units to execute a particularwork element involves performing a logical AND of the APU mask of thework element and the PU mask of the processor core. If the processingunit is not approved/authorized/pre-selected to execute work items ofthe work element, GCQ logic 335 forwards the request to a next workelement in the GCQ, as shown at block 710. Thus, the request from theprocessor core moves on up the GCQ to the next entry, and the same checkis performed against the APU mask of the next work element with the PUmask in the request. In this manner, a processor core only removes workfrom a work element when that processor core has been pre-selected bythe scheduler to execute work of that work element.

As further illustrated by FIG. 6D, the processing units that are notapproved for processing WE_0 may also concurrently schedule work from adifferent work element at which the processing unit is approved. Forexample, processing unit 2 of processing node A 310A may schedule workfrom WE_1 within GCQ 320, after first being rejected at WE_0. When workitems are scheduled on processor core 1, the WIR counter and the seencounter of WE_1 are decremented. As shown, WIR counter of WE_1 isdecremented by 10 as ten work items are scheduled on processing unit 2,and the seen count of WE_1 is also decremented by one (1).

When the processor core has been confirmed as anapproved/authorized/selected processing unit, GCQ logic 335 then checksthe value of the WIR counter, and determines at block 812, whether theWIR count is greater than zero (0). When the WIR count is not greaterthan zero, GCQ logic 335 decrements the seen count value by one (1), asprovided at block 718. When the WIR count is greater than zero (0), GCQlogic 335 allows the processor core request to pull/grab an amount ofwork items form the work element up to the chunk size identified in therequest, as indicated at block 814. GCQ logic 335 monitors theremoval/dispatch of the work items from the queue entry and decrementsthe WIR counter by the number of work items removed, as shown at block816. The process then proceeds to block 817, which issues a new requestwhen execution of the command on the previously retrieved work itemshave completed. The same processor core may thus continually issuerequests to the GCQ and retrieve work from the same work element untilall work of that work element has been assigned.

It is important to note that the number of work items remaining to bedispatched for execution may be less than the chunk size requested bythe processor core. In this scenario, all of the remaining work itemsare provided to the requesting processor core, and the WIR counter isreduced to zero (0). Also, in an alternate embodiment, the chunk size ispre-set within the GCQ, such that either (a) all processor cores areallowed to take the same chunk size of work or (b) larger chunk sizescan be requested but are scaled as whole number multiples of the pre-setchunk size. In the presently described embodiment, the chunk size isparameter set by the processor core (or processing node) and encodedwithin the request.

The value of the WIR counter is utilized to determine when more workitems are available for grabbing, and is decremented each time workitems are allocated to a requesting, approved processor. As indicated bythe sequence of FIGS. 6A-6D, as each approved processor removes itschunk size of work from the work element, the GCQ logic decrements theWIR counter by the number of individual work items removed (e.g., thechunk size). For illustrative purposed, a single chunk size is assumedof four (4) work items. Thus (referencing WE_0 of FIG. 4), a requestissued by a first processor unit (e.g., request 440 from processor core0311) removes work items 15 through 12 from WE_0. GCQ logic 335decrements WIR counter from 16 to 12 (FIG. 6B). Similarly, when secondprocessor unit request 442 from processor core1 316 removes work items11 through 8 from WE_0, GCQ logic 335 decrements WIR counter to 8, andso one, until WIR counter equals or goes below zero (0) (FIG. 6C).

The above method processes describe the GCQ scheduler and/or GCQ logicqueuing a work element within the GCQ and the processing elementssubsequently removing work from the work element for execution. Theseprocesses include/involve GCQ logic 335 (or other logic)updating/modifying certain parameters/attributes of/associated with thework element to enable sequenced retrieval of different work items byeach approved processing unit that submits a request for work. Anadditional mechanism is provided to also track when dispatching of allwork from the work element has completed, in order to allow the workelement to be removed/discarded from the GCQ.

Work elements are released from the command queue when all the coreswithin the overall system or all the cores selected to dispatch the workelement (depending on implementation) have seen the work element and donot need to process the work element further. Tracking of the number ofprocessing units that have seen the work element is provided by anatomic decrement of a seen counter that begins with the total number ofprocessor cores, and is decremented each time a different one of theprocessing units “looks at” (i.e., attempts to schedule work from) thework element. When the last processor core has seen the work element,the seen counter is decremented to zero and the last processor core thennotifies GCQ scheduler 315 or GCQ logic 335 that execution of the workelement has completed.

Returning now to block 812 of FIG. 8, when the WIR counter value of awork element is zero (or less than zero), indicating that no more workitems remain to be dispatched, and a request from an approved processingunit is received, GCQ logic 335 decrements the seen counter by one (1),as provided at block 818. At block 820 of the flow chart, a decision ismade whether the seen count equals zero (0). If not, GCQ logic 335monitors for receipt of subsequent requests from each other approvedprocessing unit, and decrements seen count for each request receivedfrom a different, approved processing unit. Once all the approvedprocessing units have submitted requests that are rejected because thereis no more work to dispatch, the seen count is finally decremented tozero. The decrementing of seen count for WE_0 is illustrated by FIGS.6C-6D. Once seen count becomes zero, the work element is removed from oroverwritten in the GCQ 320, as shown at block 822. The process then endsat block 824.

Features of the provided embodiments can advantageously be implementedin multi-node processing systems which exhibit low data transferlatencies and low cross communication latencies between the processorcores and a memory location of the local node. Given that the processingnodes are retrieving work from the central/common GCQ, the latency tothe GCQ for the different nodes is relative short, such that the overallwork retrieval process incurs an acceptable latency penalty in overallprocessing time for the processing cores that are grabbing work from theGCQ 320.

With the implementation of the single command queue, the need tosynchronize across multiple command queues of multiple nodes issubstantially eliminated. The described embodiments are adapted forimplementation on multi-processor compute systems (or systemarchitecture) that exhibit small penalty (latency) when synchronizingacross compute nodes. For example, with NUMA nodes that are connectedvia a “local” fabric, such as within a single physical device (e.g.,local processing system 301), there is a relatively small latencypenalty when synchronizing distributed work of a single kernel (workelement) across the multiple nodes. This further enables the completionof N Dimensional work and data intensive operations to/on NUMA systemswith low cross node latency.

Also, with the described embodiments, there is no longer a requirementfor multiple individual command queues that are each tied to a separatenode in order to support NUMA affinity. With the single GCQimplementation, each work element within the single GCQ includes a maskfield comprising N bits, with specific bits set to identify whichexecution nodes and/or which processing unit(s) (or processor cores) arelinked to the work element for completion thereof. The N bit maskprovides a unique identification of each separate node and/or processorcore so that the same single command queue can be utilized acrossmultiple nodes, while allowing the nodes/cores to correctly grab workassigned to the particular node/core from the GCQ. Because the presentdescription of one embodiment includes specific reference to a NUMAsystem architecture, the N bit mask may also be referred to within thisembodiment as a NUMA mask, and each executable element (e.g., core_0311) is assigned a NUMA mask that is unique for the particular node orthe particular processing unit (depending on the level of granularitydesired). When a new command is placed in an entry of the single GCQ,the new command (work element) is marked/tagged/assigned/affiliated orotherwise associated with a specific NUMA affinity via the NUMA mask.

The above embodiments are applicable to systems that have NUMA regionsclose enough so they can share the GCQ efficiently. This is especiallytrue for workloads where a common function is being executed multiple,independent times. Each work element in the GCQ contains an APU mask,work remaining count (in the case of multiple iterations of a process),and a seen count. With these functional variables and systemconfiguration, a work element within the GCQ is scheduled as follows:(a) the processing unit checks if the processing unit's NUMA bit is setin the next work element's APU mask; (b) if the processing unit's NUMAbit is not set in the APU mask, the processing unit decrements the seencount, indicating that the unit has finished with the work element, andthe processing unit advances to the next element; (c) If the processingunit's NUMA bit is set, the processing unit decrements the work itemremaining (WIR) count by a tunable “chunk size”, based on the actualamount of work retrieved from the work element by the processing unit;(d) If the result of the decrement is a value indicating that there isno more work (e.g., 0 remaining work items), the processing unitdecrements the seen count, which indicates that the processing unit hasfinished with the element. The processing unit then advances to the nextwork element; (e) if the processing unit is the last processor core tosee the element (i.e., seen count is equal to zero), indicating all theprocessor cores have seen the work item at least one, the processingunit marks the location in the global queue as “free.”

At the processing unit (processor core), the processing unit executeseach work item in that retrieved chunk until the execution of the chunkof work is completed. The processing unit then issues a next request tothe queue to get more work.

Certain of the features of the described embodiments may lend themselvesto N Dimensional (ND) Range processing/execution paradigms, such asprovided by OpenCL™ and similarly structured applications executed onmulti-core data processing systems in which an execution commandcontains the information necessary to efficiently execute and balancework load of the command, which may include data or task parallelprocessing requirements. Each command includes information correspondingto the total number of work groups within the command to be executed,the number of work groups remaining to be computed, the number of workgroups already processed, the number of work groups to process at a time(reservation size). Other information provided by the commands mayinclude the number of execution threads to process in the command andthe number of execution threads that have seen the command.

Within this ND Range execution paradigm, and according to the presentlydescribed embodiments, execution units process the commands from asingle global command queue comprising multiple queue entries. Withinthe GCQ, each entry holds a work element comprising the command andmultiple work items that are dispatched for execution by specificprocessing units identified by an APU mask assigned/linked to the workelement. As provided by the described embodiments, the execution unitsare processing cores, which may be located across a distributed network.However, while processor cores are employed throughout the described andillustrative embodiments as examples of execution units, in otherembodiments, the execution units may be any device that executed acommand, including, but not limited to, processing codes, CPUs, threads,and even complete computing systems. Once a command is available on theglobal command queue, each processor core participating in the executionof the command (as identified by the APU mask) atomically decrements thecommand's work items remaining (WIR) counter by a work group reservationsize (or chunk size) associated with the processor core. The processorcore reserves a corresponding number of work items within a work grouprange for processing. Once the processor core has executed the requestedwork items, the processor core attempts to reserve more work items. Thisreservation and dispatch of work items in a given reservation size bymultiple processor cores continues until the total number of work itemswithin one entry of the command queue(s) have been processed.

C. Architecture for High Latency Processing Nodes

The above described embodiments operate well for low latency processingnodes, by which all work items are processed on the same node of localnode group exhibiting low latency between processor nodes and the GCQ.Thus, with these embodiments, there is a need for a approved processingnode bit mask (e.g., eight bits of 1s and zeros representing which nodehas been assigned processing permission for the particular workelement). With low latency operation, the nodes each process in chunks(or groups of 4 work elements) until the total number of sub-elements(e.g., 16) have been processed, and all nodes (8) have seen the workelement. With the seen counter for the nodes, if there is no work leftto do at the work element, then the logic decrements the seen count from8 to 7, then 6, and so on, until the seen count=0. If there is work toassign, then GCQ logic assigns with chunks of 4 and the unassignedattribute/counter has been change from 16 to 12 then to 8 then to 4,then zero. Once the number of un-processed element count reaches zero,there is no more work associated with that work element. The processingnodes then come in and check the command queue and each one decrementsthe compute unit counter from 8 to 7, and all the way to zero. Once theseen counter reaches zero, the entry of the command queue hosting thework element is freed up for assignment of a new work element.

For systems in which at least one processing node exhibits a largerlatency penalty when communicating with other processing nodes and to ageneral system memory construct, such as the GCQ, an additionalmechanism is provided by which the high latency processor cores are ableto efficiently retrieve and dispatch work from the GCQ without providinga large number of requests on system fabric. Work contention for suchhigh latency processing nodes with the low latency nodes within thesystem, if any, or other high latency nodes is substantially reduced.

In prior art systems of GPU, the entire work completion waits for theslowest GPU to complete processing. With systems employing both PPUs andSPU, the PPUs are generally much slower leading to a stealing of work bythe SPUs as the longer latency PPUs get starved out of processing a lotof work

Within the illustrative embodiments, described below, each processingnode shares a single global command queue, and each processing node alsomaintains a “staging queue”. The size of the staging queue is equal tothat of the global queue. Work is pulled, piece-wise, into the stagingqueue where the locally staged work is shared by all processor cores inthe single processing node. With one embodiment, the systeminfrastructure provides for a single GCQ and multiple (up to Y) LCQs,where Y represents the total number of processing nodes. Each node maybe a NUMA node, but the invention is of course applicable to other typesof multi-node, distributed processing systems. All queues have the samenumber of work elements and work element X in the global queuecorresponds to work element X in the NUMA queue. The scheduler placeswork to be done in the global queue. During local execution, all work isfetched by the processor cores first from the staging queue (LCQ), andwork is only fetched from the GCQ when there is no work within the LCQ.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is illustrated an example distributedprocessing system architecture 900 with a somewhat similar configurationas that of FIG. 3, which has been previously described. Because of theoverlap in the two figures, the common components in FIG. 3 are notdescribed in detail for FIG. 9. However, FIG. 9 provides certainstructural and functional differences, which will now be described.

In addition to the implementation within multi-node processing systemarchitecture 900 of GCQ 320, as well as unique node mask bits per nodeand/or unique execution unit mask bits per execution unit (depending ongranularity implemented), multi-node processing system architecture 900further includes local command queue (LCQ) 375 within processing node C910. With this configuration, processing node C 900 is assumed toexhibit high access latency to the GCQ 320 relative to a pre-determinedthreshold latency value below which value access by a processing unit tothe GCQ is identified as a low latency operation. LCQ 375 enables thehigh latency processing node to stage a larger chunk of work itemsretrieved from GCQ 315 in a local storage area, LCQ 375. With the largerchunk of work items locally staged, the high latency processing nodespends significantly less time contending on the global interconnectwith other nodes and/or at the GCQ for work, and the high latencyprocessing node is able to spend more time doing useful work on theretrieved work items. With this illustrative embodiment, the otherprocessing nodes are assumed to be low latency nodes and do not requirea LCQ for processing work items retrieved from GCQ 315.

Supporting the retrieval of a larger chunk of work items from GCQ 320 isGCQ logic 935, which for purposes of the present disclosure is assumedto provide additional logic to support work allocation of variable chunksizes. According to one embodiment, GCQ logic 935 also provides dynamicmodification of chunk sizes allocated to high latency processor nodesbased on an analysis of historical latency data, prior work allocationdata, current chunk size requested, amount of remaining work for thework element, and efficiencies of allocating larger chunk sizes to thehigh latency nodes (910).

FIG. 10 provides a second representative illustration of a multi-nodeprocessing system 1000 in which each processing node is provided an LCQ.Thus processing node A 1010A has LCQ 1022, while processing node B 1010Bhas LCQ 1024, and processing node C 1010C has LCQ 975. With thisconfiguration, it is assumes that all processing nodes within theoverall multi-node processing system 1000 are high latency nodes andthus each node includes an LCQ for staging work items retrieved from GCQ320. The LCQ logic thus operates as work scheduling logic within therespective processor nodes. It is important that while illustrated as aseparate component within the respective processing node, each LCQ maybe a specific range of address space within the local memory bank(154A-154C) of the respective processing node 1010A-1010C). Regardlessof where located, the location of the LCQ is considered “local” to theparticular processing node in that the processing units within theprocessing node are able to access the LCQ with relatively low latency.In the illustrative and described embodiments, the latency of operationsbetween the local processing units and the LCQ is a substantial factorsmaller than the latency of similar operations with the GCQ 320. Also,as will become clearer below, in one embodiment, there is no contentionfor access to the work items staged within the LCQ with processing unitsof other nodes.

In an alternative embodiment, however, a cluster of nodes that form alocal processing group may exhibit low access latency (below a secondthreshold latency value) to an LCQ that is not necessarily located onthe same processing node as each execution unit. With this alternateembodiment, each such local processing group is assigned an LCQ, suchthat the LCQ is assigned across multiple nodes but provides low accesslatency to all execution units within those nodes. Because access to theGCQ 320 from these execution units within the processing group exhibithigh access latency, larger chunks of work items are staged at thiscross-node, shared LCQ for access and dispatch by the differentexecution units within the local processing group.

In a general sense, LCQ 375 is provided to reduce the number of timesprocesses across high latency nodes hit a single memory location (e.g.,GCQ), irrespective of the presence of low latency nodes within thesystem, which may or may not access a same LCQ. In one implementation,and as illustrated further by FIG. 10, system architecture 1000 mayprovide a network level GCQ 1020 and associated logic 1035. With thisconfiguration, the actual location of GCQ relative to the processingnodes, including the node at which the work is generated, isinconsequential, as the GCQ 1020 then provides a network staging areafor placement of work items that are dispatched across the networkinterconnect/fabric. Similarly, as well, GCQ 1020 may just as easily bean LCQ that is network accessible rather than being physically situatedon the processor nodes of the processing units which access the LCQ.

According to one embodiment, a local copy of work item remaining (LWIR)count is maintained in the processor node to track the work items withinthe LCQ that remains to be dispatched to one of the local executionunits. Thus during operations at the processor node, which operationsinvolve work being retrieved from the LCQ, the LWIR is updated(decremented) until the LWIR count reaches zero (0). During this period,no update of the global count is required or performed. However, oncethe last execution unit performs an update of the LWIR count value andsubsequently reduces the LWIR count within the LCQ to zero (0), thatlast execution unit forwards an update to the GCQ. Thus the updates tothe head queue only occur once all work has completed at the local node.Also, since only the last execution unit performs an update of the GCQWIR count value, only one node update to the LWIR count is required, andthe GCQ update is performed only after all local updates of the LWIRcount are performed. The embodiments thus enable an atomic decrement ofthe local count, and the last compute unit that decrements the count tozero then knows that it is responsible for providing the atomic updateto the global count.

By requiring only the last execution unit to decrement the count valueto communicate with the GCQ, the node logic reduces cross chatter on theinterconnect fabric because the GCQ only has to be updated once perregion instead of once per workgroup. The described embodiments worksvery effectively with example systems with a high penalty for goingacross processor nodes.

As with the operations within GCQ 320 described above with reference toFIG. 6A-6D, each work element in the LCQ tracks the number of computerunits (e.g., 4 in the illustrative embodiment), and the work elementsmay include multiple executable processes/tasks/elements for completion(e.g., a 4,4, dimension space with 16 elements in the illustrativeembodiment). With this example system, and assuming high latencyprocessor node 1010C, at least one of the execute units (e.g., processorcore 171) is unable to reach the GCQ in time to grab work from the workelement, WE_0, which is being scheduled to all three processor nodes,and processor core 171 and 173 effectively starves, leading toinefficiencies in overall processing. With the LCQ, however, the highlatency processor nodes are able to grab more than a single chunk ofwork at a time from the GCQ. The first requesting processing unit of thehigh latency processor node issues a work request requesting a largerchunk of work. When the larger chunk is returned to the processing node,the work items are stored in the LCQ of the requesting processor (or LCQassociated with the requesting processing unit). Work items are thenexecuted by the different pre-approved local processing units, whichgrab work from eh LCQ, until all the work is completed.

Concurrently, low latency processing nodes and/or processing unitscontinue to grab a smaller chunk size of work from GCQ, but do so morefrequently. Thus, the high latency processor nodes automatically reservea larger chunk of work than the single work items (or standard chunksreserved by low latency nodes). With the above implementation,contention on a high latency path is substantially reduced, and the highlatency nodes also receive enough work to keep processing while thelocal nodes continue to pound the LCQ at the lower latency and consumenew work more quickly but at lower chunk sizes. The example provide byFIG. 10 assumes all processing nodes have significant enough latency ofoperations with the GCQ for the entire system architecture to be set upto grab multiple chunks of work at a time, and stage that work at LCQs,to reduce cross-node request contention for work items on the requestbus.

Referring now to FIGS. 11 and 12, there are illustrated sequencediagrams indicating the request and retrieval of multiple differentchunk sizes of an example work element in a hybrid work assignmentscheme which assigns variable chunk sizes to different processing nodesbased on the node's access latency. During initial dispatch for workfrom the work element, both low latency processor cores 1110A, 1110B andhigh latency processor core 1110C issue work requests 1140, 1141,respectively. The work requests are received by GCQ logic 1030, whichprocesses the requests for matching PU masks to the APU mask of the workelement. As further shown by these figures, work is dispatched indescending order of work items as follows:

Processing group 11110A receives the first standard chunk of four (4)work items in response to the GCQ logic approving the processing node orrequesting execution unit (utilizing the APU mask versus PU maskcomparison) as an approved processing node for the work element, WE_01122. The allocation of the standard chunk size may be based on one ormore of: (a) the actual chunk size encoded within the work request 1140;or (b) the pre-set chunk size encoded within the GCQ logic, which may befor the specific work element or generally for all work elements of theGCQ; or (c) a calculated chunk size based on one or more factors, whichincludes the latency to the requesting node, the speed of completion ofa known chunk size, historical factors, pre-programmed chunk sizes forthe particular processing nodes, the amount of work items remaining fordispatch, the number of processing units pre-approved and available toprocess WE_0 1122; or (d) a combination of the above list of factors(a-c). When GCQ logic processes work request 114 of high latencyprocessing group, processing group III 1110C, and following the approvalof the PU mask of the processing group compared against the APU mask 330of WE_0 1122, GCQ logic allocates a larger chunk size to processinggroup III 1110C. In the illustrative embodiment, GCQ logic allocates achunk size that is twice the size of the regular/standard chunk size, oreight (8) work items. GCQ logic performs the allocation based on one ormore of the above factors. However, in one or more embodiments, thelatency of operations originating from the high latency processing nodecoupled with the historical speed at which the processing nodedispatches assigned work may be primary factors in one or both of: (a)the chunk size requested by the processing node III, which size isencoded within the work request 1141 and represents the chunk sizereturned by the GCQ logic when no additional calculation is performed atthe GCS logic; or (b) the chink size calculated by the GCQ logic, whensuch calculations do occur. When calculations are performed by GCQlogic, the larger chunk sizes may be a pre-selected or dynamicallyselected multiplier, such as 2×, 3× . . . and so on, based on the actuallatency and speed of work dispatch of the high latency processing node.

FIGS. 11 and 12 also shows the work request 1142 from processing groupII 1110B, which receives standard chunk size of work items in responseto the work request. The order of processing of work requests and/ororder of dispatch of work items is not important in the above describedsequence. Also, while the illustrative embodiment presents only 16 workitems, the embodiments are contemplated as being performed with workelements having hundreds or thousands or more of work items, with chunksizes ranging from one (1) to X, where X is some integer smaller thanthe total number of work items. In the extreme case where only one nodeis processing a particular work element, there is no contention for thework element and thus the chunk size may be arbitrary even for a highlatency node. Also, assuming there are two nodes, both of which are highlatency nodes, the work element may be placed within a copy of the GCQor a GCQ located at a different accessible location within thedistributed multi-node processing system architecture that reduces theoverall latency for both processing nodes.

With specific reference to FIG. 12, the work items retrieved from GCQare placed within LCQs of the requesting processing node. Eachprocessing node/group 1110A/110C has a corresponding chunk size (e.g.,CS 1142 and CS 1144), which may be different for each node and may bedynamically variable, particularly for high latency nodes. Thus,standard/first chunk size of work items, WE_15 through WE_12, are storedwithin LCQ 922 of processing node A 1010A, while larger/second chunksize of work items, WE_11 through WE_4, are stored within LCQ 924 ofprocessing node C 1010C. In one embodiment, the process of retrievingwork from the GCQ may be described from the perspective of logicexecuting on the processing node and controlling operations of the LCQ(i.e., LCQ logic). During a work request cycle, one execution unit(e.g., core0 171) of processing node C 1010C generates and issues to thesystem interconnect fabric a work request (1141), which includes the PUmask of the executing unit and/or the node (again depending ongranularity of mask implementation). The specific work request 1141grabs a larger chunk size (specifically two chunk sizes) of eight (8)work items and places the work items in the LCQ when the work itemsarrive at the processing node 1010C. According to one embodiment, thechunk size attribute may be stored as a pre-set or dynamicallycalculated parameter of the specific node, and each node may have apre-set default chunk size and appropriately sized LCQ to hold thatchunk size of work items. In another embodiment, the size of the LCQ isvariable, as the LCQ is created and maintained within local node memoryor within other low latency storage when the LCQ is required for stagingwork from a remote (high latency) GCQ. The variability of the size ofthe LCQ may then be tied to the dynamic nature of the chunk sizecalculation.

Returning to the illustrative embodiment, processing node C has higher(than a pre-set threshold) access latency to GCQ than processing node A1010A and thus processing node C 1010C retrieves/grabs a much largerchunk size of work for storage in its LCQ 1124 than processing node A1010A. During work request/dispatch cycles, processing node C 1010C orexecution units of processing node 1010C grabs one chunk of four (4)work items containing work items 15 through 12, and stores these workitems in Node A′s LCQ 1122. Somewhat similarly, processing node C 1010Cor execution units of processing node 1010C grabs two chunks of workitems containing work elements eleven (11) through eight (8) and seven(7) through four (4) and stores these work elements in Node C′s LCQ1124. As shown in the illustration, the number of work items placedremaining within the LCQs of each processing node is tracked via localWIR (LWIR) counters. Thus, LCQ 1122 is assigned LWIR counter 1132, whileLCQ 1124 is assigned LWIR counter 1134. At GCQ 1120, the requested chunksize for processing node C may be modified by a chunk size multiplier(of GCQ logic) or based on a pre-established high latency processorchunk size, which provides for retrieving eight (8) work items ratherthan a standard chunk size of four (4) work items. While chunk sizes aredescribed herein as multiples of four (4) work items, that number isarbitrary and provided solely for illustration. Any number of work itemsmay be provided within each chunk of work dispatched in response to eachwork request. Thus, for example, a first work request may be providedthree (3) work items, a second work request provided 10 work items and athird work request provided seven (7) work items, with no connectionbetween the number of work items provided to the different requestingnodes. Those numbers may simply be pre-programmed into the respectivenodes as the chunk size of work items to request from a GCQ, with someconsideration given for the latency of operations on the systeminterconnect fabric and at the local processing node.

Once the work items are returned to the processing node, the work itemsare stored within the LCQ. Each node is then responsible for trackingthe completion of the particular work elements within their respectivelocal queues. Notably, while the description of the illustrativeembodiment is directed to operations on a single work element within asingle entry of the LCQ, other embodiments provide that each LCQ mayinclude multiple entries, with each entry mirroring those of the GCQ,but including only a subset of the work items retrieved from the GCQ.With this multiple entry configuration of the LCQs, an idle processingunit may move on to the next work element in the LCQ, rather than havingto go to the GCQ for work when all work items of a first work element inthe LCQ have been dispatched. This embodiment also allows for theprocessing units to not become idle when additional work is availablefrom other work elements within the GCQ, for which the processing nodehas been approved for execution. By retrieving portions of multiple workelements from the GCQ and staging those work element portions within theLCQ, the latency involved in replacing a completed entry of the LCQ withnew work items from the GCQ does not cause the local processing units tobecome idle, unless there is no more work available at the GCQ.

When a single architecture of assigned processing units includes bothlow latency processing nodes as well as high latency processing nodes, ahybrid model of work dispatch may be implemented, in one embodiment.Thus two different mechanisms are concurrently implemented forscheduling work to processing nodes within the single processing system,with high latency nodes tagging their assigned work items in a LCQ,while processing units of the low latency nodes executing work itemsretrieved directly from the GCQ, with no local staging required. Withthis hybrid model, the processing units of low latency nodes grab workfor themselves, while a singe processing unit of the high latency nodesgrabs work for multiple other pre-selected processing units on the samehigh latency node.

Referring now to FIG. 13, there is provided a flow chart of the methodby which the hybrid model of work dispatch among processing units withdifferent access latencies to the GCQ may be implemented, according toone embodiment. The process begins at block 1302 and proceeds to block1304 at which the local node logic (or LCQ logic) evaluates the latencyof exchanges between the processor node and the GCQ during workcontention and retrieval. At decision block 1306, the node logicdetermined is the latency is greater than a pre-establish thresholdlatency for low latency operations. This pre-established thresholdlatency may be a design value provided for the overall system or for theparticular processing node and/or specifically for GCQ work dispatchingoperations.

If the latency is not greater than the threshold latency, then the nodelogic encodes the node with a regular chunk size for work requestoperations from the GCQ, as shown at block 1308. This encoded chunk sizeis then provided within each subsequently issued work request sent tothe GCQ, and the low latency processing units are enabled to retrieveand process work items as regular chunks directly from the GCQ, as shownat block 1310. Returning to decision block 1306, when the latency isgreater than the pre-set threshold latency for low latency operations(i.e, the processing node is a high latency processing node), the nodelogic initiates the establishment and/or set up of a local command queuefor temporary storage of work items retrieved from the GCQ, as providedat block 1312. The localized determination of the latency to the GCQ maybe based on pre-determined and/or pre-stored latency values to differentlocations within the overall system architecture. Thus processing node C1010C may be pre-programmed to treat any work retrieved from a GCQlocated within a different localized grouping of resources as requiringa higher latency for GCQ operations. Conversely, processing node C 1010Cmay also be pre-programmed to treat any work retrieved from a GCQlocated within the same localized grouping of resources as havinglatency below the threshold latency and not requiring the establishmentof a LCQ.

Returning to the flow chart, node logic of the high latency processingnode encodes a larger chunk size in the processing node than for a lowlatency access to a GCQ, as shown at block 1314. The actual chunk sizeestablished may be based on a number of factors, as provide above, andmay be dynamically changing. However, the chunk size may also be pre-setby the system designer (static allocation), in which case the LCQ mayalso be pre-established or may have a pre-established size (e.g., apre-set number of entries for work storage). Once the chunk size isestablished/set, the node logic and/or the processing units requestingwork from the GCQ encode the larger chunk size within the work requestsin order to retrieve larger amounts of work to the high latencyprocessing node, as shown at block 1316. At block 1318, the processingunits within the high latency processing node then processes work itemsretrieved from within the LCQ until the LWIR of the LCQ reaches a zero(0) count. Notably, for embodiments in which the chunk size may bedynamically updated, the method further provides that the speed of workdispatch from the LCQ is recorded, at block 1320 and then that data isprovided back to the evaluation and encoding of the larger chunk size(block 1314) for use in retrieving additional work items for the highlatency processing node.

The manner in which work is retrieved by the high latency processingnodes in chunks and work completion is notified to the GCQ at the end ofthe local dispatch from the LCQ affects the processing by the GCQ logicin tracking work items for work elements within the GCQ. Thus, at theGCQ, when a larger chunk is requested and dispatched to the high latencyprocessing node, GCQ logic decrements the total amount of work itemsremaining for dispatch once per larger chunk size, rather than eachtime, as required with the smaller sized (standard) chunks that may havebeen initially accounted for by the compiler in scheduling the workelement. Also, for work dispatch occurring at the granularity of theprocessing units (rather than at the node level), the GCQ seen count ofthe work element is decremented by the total number of processing unitsat the high latency processing node rather than by a unitary decrement.

Returning to the sequence of FIGS. 6A-6D, and looking specifically nowat FIGS. 6E-6F, there is illustrated an example process by which anapproved high latency processing unit removes its chunk size of workfrom the GCQ, specifically WE_1. WE_1 initially has 100 work items forscheduling/dispatch and an APU masks that assumes there are 10individual processing units in the system from seven units are approvedunits to which work items may be dispatched (or on which work items maybe scheduled). Among the seven approved processing units are processingunits 671 and 673 of high latency processing node 1010C.

As provided by FIG. 6E, the processing units that are not approved forprocessing WE_0 may also concurrently schedule work from a differentwork element at which the processing unit is approved. At FIG. 6E, afirst local processing unit (e.g., processing unit 1 xxx at low latencyprocessing node A 1010A) requests work items and receives a chunk sizeof 10 work items for dispatch. The WIR counter associated with WE_1 isdecremented to reflect the scheduling of the 10 work items from WE_1,and the seen count is decremented by 1 (from seven (7) to six (6)). Whena work request from a processing unit of high latency processing node1010C is processed by GCQ logic, a larger chunk size of 40 work items isscheduled on and dispatched to the LCQ of the high latency processingnode. GCQ logic subsequently decrements the WIR counter from 90 to 50.The seen count of WE_1 is however not decremented until the scheduledwork items are dispatched from within the LCQ, as described below withreference to the method of FIG. 15.

According to one embodiment, the LCQ tracks the PU mask of the variousprocessing units within the high latency processing node, so that theLCQ represents a combined mask that represents all of the localprocessing units. Once execution of the 40 work items within the LCQ iscompleted, i.e., the LWIR count equals or is less than zero (0), the LCQlogic issues a completion notification, which triggers the GCQ logic todecrement the seen count of WE_1 by two (2), which corresponds to thenumber of processing units that shared in the execution of the 40scheduled work items on LCQ.

Once the work items are stored within LCQ, the local processing unitsmay begin executing the work items from within LCQ. When the secondprocessing unit of the high latency processing node initiates execution,the second processing unit looks at the LCQ to check if there is worklocally stored for dispatch. Thus, rather than taking the longer latencyapproach to retrieve work from GCQ with the contentions involved at theGCQ, each local processing units first looks to the LCQ and takes workitems from the LCQ if work is present within the LCQ. The localprocessing unit requests one or more work items (up to an internal/localchunk size) for execution, and the LCQ logic dispatches the next insequence work items to local processing unit and automaticallydecrements the LWIR by the local chunk size of work items provided tothe local processing unit. When the local processing units complete thelocally stored work, the LCQ logic forwards a notification to GCQ logicto decremented the seen count. Also, if the LCQ detects that a nextlocal processing unit issues a request for additional work, while theLWIR count is less than or equal to zero (for each locally storedportion of work elements for which the requesting processing unit isapproved), the LCQ forwards the new request to the GCQ.

When the work in the LCQ is completed, a new work request will besubmitted to again pull a large chunk of work from the GCQ into the LCQ.Again, work is only dispatched from a work element for which theprocessing units are pre-selected execution units on which to schedulework items from the work element. The work request is thus advanced tothe next queue element(s) in sequence until the PU mask of the specificprocessing unit matches the PAU mask of the work element.

As with the GCQ tracking mechanisms described above, LCQ logicimplements a local tracking mechanism to track work consumption from theLCQ by the different approved execution units at the high latencyprocessor node. The flow chart of FIG. 14 illustrates certain featuresof the method by which this local tracking occurs, and the method isdescribed from the perspective of the processing units and/or LCQ logicperforming various operations. The process begins at block 1402 andproceeds to block 1404 at which a processing unit, e.g., processor core01171 forwards/transmits a work request to the GCQ for work. The workrequest includes the PU mask as well as the larger chunk size. At block1406, the processing unit (or general work dispatch logic of theprocessing node) receives the larger chunk size of work from the GCQ andstores the work items in the LCQ. The first requesting processing unitinitiates completion of work from the LCQ, at block 1408. Adetermination is made at block 1410 whether the first processing unit oranother/second processing unit on the high latency processing node needswork. If one of the processing units on the high latency processing nodeis in need of work, and the granularity of the work assignment is at theprocessing unit level (versus the processing node level), the LCQ logiccompares the PU mask against the APU mask (or partial APU mask) for amatch at the LCQ, as shown at block 1412. At decision block 1414, LCQlogic determines whether the requesting second execution unit isapproved to process work items for the current work element beingexecuted. When the result (of the PU versus APU comparison) is anegative, the second processing unit may remain idle (or processes localwork) until a later set of work items are provided within the LCQ forwhich the second execution unit is approved.

If, as determined at block 1414, the requesting processing node isapproved at the LCQ to process work items stored within LCQ, then theLCQ logic checks at decision block 1416 whether there is any remainingwork item within the LCQ (i.e., whether LWIR count is greater than zero(0)). In one embodiment, a periodic determination is made whether theLWIR count equals zero, indicating that the staged work items have allbeen dispatched from the LCQ. When there are still work items remainingto be executed, the LCQ logic provides the work items to the requestingprocessing unit, as shown at block 1418. Also, as work items areforwarded to the approved processing units at the high latencyprocessing node, the LCQ logic decrements the LWIR counter, as shown atblock 1420. The amount of work items processed by the executing unit maybe a chunk size greater than one, and the decrementing of the LWIR countfactors in the exact number of items that are removed from the LCQ. Itis important to note that the “LWIR count=0” condition may beartificially prevented by ensuring that a next work request is forwardedto the GCQ with sufficient time (with consideration give to the latencyof return of work items) to re-stock the LCQ prior to completion ofexecution at the high latency processing node of all of thepreviously-received work items stored within the LCQ. The LWIR countermay thus be decremented as provided above, but also incremented as thenew batch of work items are received from a second, subsequently issuedwork request with updated chunk size. Thus, as provided at decisionblock 1422, LCQ logic determines when the LWIR count is less than apre-established (or dynamically calculated) LWIR threshold (TH_(LWIR)).When the LWIR count is less than the TH_(LWIR), the process proceeds toblock 1428, which is described below.

Returning to decision block 1416, If the LWIR count is not greater thanzero (i.e., LWIR counter holds a value that is less than or equal tozero), LCQ logic checks at block 1424 whether a local seen count isequal to zero. When the seen count is not equal to zero, LCQ logicdecrements the local seen count by one, as provided at block 1426. Thelocal seen count represents the total number of processing units withinthe high latency processing node. In one embodiment, the seen count isdecremented as each processing unit is seen by the LCQ logic to preventa processing unit from inadvertently retrieving new work items for adifferent work element without being made aware that the new work itemsare no longer a part of the previous set of work items processed. Thus,when the LCQ is empty, the node ensures that all processing units aremade aware of the fact that the particular work set has been completed.

When the local seen count equals zero (0) or when the LWIR count is lessthan TH_(LWIR), the LCQ logic determines whether a modification of thechunk size is required and modifies (increases or decreases) the chunksize, as required, at block 1428, The modification of the chunk size isbased in part on the detected performance of the processing nodedispatch of the work items within the LCQ. Then, at block 1430, anew/second work request is generated with the modified chunk size andthe new/second work request is forwarded to the GCQ. Also, LCQ logicforwards a seen count update notification to the GCQ logic to update theseen count of the work element within the GCQ.

The functionality exhibited by GCQ logic enables certain of thedescribed features to be dynamically implemented. FIG. 15 provides aflow chart of the method by which GCQ operations are performed duringwork dispatch to an LCQ of a high latency processing node, includingdetermination of an appropriate chunk size and subsequent updating ofwork element variables as the work is completed at the high latencyprocessing nodes. The process begins at block 1502 and proceeds to block1504 which shows GCQ logic receiving a work request from an executionunit of a processing node and confirming the execution unit is anapproved execution unit for the specific work element being dispatchedand/or scheduled. At block 1506, GCQ logic evaluates the latencyassociated with the processing nodes operations on the systeminterconnect in requesting and dispatching work from the GCQ. In oneembodiment, GCQ logic relies on stored historical data and retrieves thestored historical data corresponding to that processing node from thestorage location. GCQ logic compares the latency of operations to apre-set low threshold latency and determines at decision block 1508whether processing node's latency is greater than the pre-et thresholdlatency. If the latency is not greater than the threshold latency, theGCQ logic provides a standard (or requested) chunk size of work inresponse to the work request from the processing node, as shown at block1510. The GCQ logic then enables low latency retrieval of work by theprocessing node from the GCQ as regular chunks of work, as provided atblock 1512. However, if at decision block 1508, the processing node'slatency is greater than the threshold latency, GCQ logic dynamicallyincreases the chunk size of work to schedule for return to theprocessing node in response to the work request, as provided at block1514. GCQ logic then provides/schedules the larger chunk size of work tothe high latency processing node at block 1516. At block 1518, GCQ logicthen records the chunk size scheduled, time of dispatch, and otherparameters in a latency tracking history database. The database mayinclude information for a multiple of processing nodes that access theGCQ to retrieve work for local consumption/execution.

According to one embodiment, work is scheduled as follows: (1) anexecution unit checks the LCQ to see if the work element is populatedwithin the LCQ. If there are no work items remaining within the LCQ, theexecution unit next checks to see if work is being fetched by anotherone of the local execution units. If work is being fetched by anotherexecution unit's issued work request to the GCQ, the execution unitwaits while the work is being fetched. However, if no work request hasbeen issued from the processing node to fetch additional/new work, theexecution unit issues a work request to trigger fetching of additionalwork from the GCQ. When there is work in the LCQ and that work isassigned to the requesting execution unit, the WIR counter within theLCQ is decremented by the work size grabbed by the requesting executionunit. When the WIR counter is still positive after the decrement, eachremaining work item will continue to be scheduled/dispatchedsequentially.

In one embodiment, the process of fetching work involves the followingmethods: the execution unit atomically sets a bit within the LCQ orgenerally within the processing node to signal that work is beingfetched. The CGQ logic decrements the remaining work items of the workelement in the GCQ by the amount/size of the allocated work. The chunksize assigned to the LCQ is larger than the work size of the executionunit, thus ensuring that more than one execution cycle is providedwithin the amount of work assigned to the LCQ. If the work itemsremaining counter in the GCQ is still positive after the decrement, thelocal work items remaining (LWIR) count in the LCQ is incremented by thechunk size. Otherwise, if the WIR count at the GCQ is negative, the seencount is decremented by 1 (for a node level APU mask implementation) andby the number of local processing units at the high latency processingnode (for a processing unit level APU mask implementation).

According to a first embodiment, the local seen count is decrementedfrom the total number of local processing units within the high latencyprocessor node to zero(0). In an alternate, second embodiment, the localseen count is incremented from zero (0) to the total number of localprocessing units. The former/first embodiment provides that the GCQlogic decrements the seen count at the GCQ by the pre-determined totalnumber of processing units when the LCQ logic forwards a signalindicating that all local units have seen the particular work element.With the later, second embodiment, when the local seen count is equal tothe number of execution units in the high latency processing node, thework element's seen count within the GCQ is decremented by the associatelocal seen count. When the work element's seen count within the GCQreaches zero (0), i.e., the pre-set number of (approved) cores in theentire system have seen the work element once, the GCQ entry holding thework element is tagged as being free for use. The scheduler may thenschedule a next work element in the GCQ entry.

The described embodiments enables OpenCL execution of ND Range workelements, in which each node is capable of completing work withoutupdating the other nodes. To provide an ND Range across scheduling LCQ'son multiple processing nodes that are “far” apart (i.e., nodes with highcross synchronization access latencies), the process simplifies totracking the “head element” that contains the global queue count. Then,instead of only marking the element as complete, the describedembodiments provide for making an additional check to see if there is a“head element”.

D. Decomposition of ND Range Multi-Dimensional Work Set for EfficientWork Dispatch to Processing Unit(s)

Certain of the features of the above described embodiments areimplemented on work that is initially represented as an N Dimensional(ND) Range work set, which comprises a command and an ND Rangeconfiguration of operands. The above embodiments would therefore involvemanaging the scheduling and execution of work sets in this ND Rangeprocessing scheme, such as provided by OpenCL™ and other similarlystructured languages/framework, which allow execution on multipleexecution units within a multi-node heterogeneous (or homogeneous) dataprocessing system architecture. OpenCL, for example, enables aprogrammer to write compute kernels as well as APIs for creating andmanaging these kernels. The compute kernels are compiled, with a runtimecompiler, which compiles the kernels on-the-fly during host applicationexecution for the targeted processing units.

With the ND Range processing scheme, one or more execution commandsperform a recursive function over a structured set of operands (e.g.,data), which are arrange in an ND range (e.g., a two (2) or three (3)dimensional configuration). In one embodiment, the commands themselvescontain the information necessary to efficiently execute and balancework load generated by the command, and each command includesinformation required for execution of the ND Range work set as a singledimension work element, while enabling the re-construction of an NDrange output from the individual work items within the single dimensionwork element.

As utilized herein, an ND Range operand refers to a single positionalentity (which may be one or more data points) located at a specific oneof the index position within an ND Range work set (e.g., entry at 3,2,2in a three dimensional range work set) on which a command is performedby a processing unit to yield a resulting work output. The ND Rangeoperands are each represented in a one dimension work element of the GCQby an individual work item which is arranged in particular orderedsequence relative to the other work items.

Execution of an ND Range command requires navigating the commandfunction through multiple dimensions of operands decomposed into asingle dimension work elements containing one work item for eachoperand. The ND Range operands of a single command may be containedwithin a single work element hosted within a single GCQ entry, asprovided in the illustrative embodiments. However, alternate embodimentsallow for work items of a single work element to be scheduled viamultiple entries of the GCQ, rather than within a single entry. Eachwork element thus contains a command and an array of work itemsdecomposed from an ND Range work set. It is appreciated that nodecomposition occurs when the original work set is a single dimensionwork set.

Within this ND Range execution scheme, and according to the presentlydescribed embodiments, execution units process the commands retrievedfrom the GCQ (or from the LCQ for high latency processing nodes),corresponding to the ND Range operands. Within the GCQ/LCQ, each entryholds a work element (or work group) or portions of a work element,which comprises multiple work items that are dispatched for execution byspecific processing units identified by an APU mask assigned/linked tothe work element. According to the illustrative embodiments, the entrieswithin the GCQ provide a single dimension array from which all workitems of the corresponding work element are dispatched or scheduled inan ordered sequence. Also, as provided by the above describedembodiments, the execution units are processor cores, which may belocated across a distributed network, including multiple processornodes. However, while processor cores are employed throughout thedescribed and illustrative embodiments as the examples of executionunits, in other embodiments, the execution units may be any device orexecution structure capable of executing a command, including, but notlimited to, processing codes, CPUs, threads, accelerators, and evencomplete computing systems.

In order to efficiently schedule and dispatch am ND range command, andparticularly, for a multi-dimensional (more than one(1)) range command(i.e., a command operating on an multi-dimensional configuration ofoperands, methods are provided herein that enables the multi-dimensionalwork set to be decomposed and “reconfigured” or “re-arranged” into asingle dimension work element. The single dimension work element enablesefficient scheduling and/or reservation and dispatching of work in asingle dimension (1D) range, without the processing units having toaccount for multi-dimensional indices for each operand. As provided bythe illustrations of FIGS. 16A and 17A, the multi-dimensional work setis re-arranged by compiler and/or ND Range Work Scheduling (WS) logic1600 into a representative single dimension array 1620/1720 having adeterminable total number of work items arranged in a descending orascending sequence. For simplicity in the describing the illustrativeembodiments, ND Range Work Scheduling (WS) logic is referred to simplyas “WS logic”. WS logic as utilized includes first logic for decomposingthe ND range work set into the single work element as well as secondlogic for generating an ND Range output from the work output resultsprovided by the processing units executing the work items of the workelement.

In the described embodiments, the total number of work items is equal tothe total number of ND Range operands and is calculated by multiplyingthe size of each dimension with each other. Thus, for a two dimensionrange with an X and Y dimension, the total number of work items iscalculated as X*Y (X multiplied by Y), while with a 3D range having a Zdimension in addition to the X and Y dimension, the number of work itemsis calculated as X*Y*Z. The result (R) of this calculation is then usedas the Total Number (TN), which is stored and later utilized duringscheduling operations as well as generation of the ND range output.Within the various illustrations and descriptions thereof, theindividual work items are labeled from 0 through TN−1 (e.g., 16 workitems, numbered 0 through 15).

Referring specifically to FIG. 16A, there is illustrated a 2D work spacethat is decomposed into a work element made up of a 1D array of workitems. Two dimensional work set 1610 comprises 16 work items, labeledwork item_0(WI_0) through WI_15. The original 2D work set 1610 containsoperands that are arranged in a 4×4, two dimensional arrangementstarting with index location 0,0 through index location 3,3. Whileillustrated as a 4×4 arrangement, it is appreciated that anotherembodiment of 16 work items in a 2D arrangement may provide for a 2×8 or8×2 arrangement of the individual work items, with locations 0,0 through1,7 or locations 0,0 and 7,1, respectively. It is assumed for thepurpose of discussion that only 2D range and up (e.g., 3D, 4D) worksets, i.e., not 1D work sets, are being described herein, as nodecomposition is required for a 1D range work set, in most embodiments.Also, while the illustrative and described embodiments provide for asymmetric and complete distribution of operands items within the NDRange, i.e., the same number of operands for each row/column in eachdimensional space, the features described herein are fully applicable tonon-symmetric distribution of operands within the ND Range. For example,a 2D (X*Y) work element may be provided in which 14 work items arearrange as a first row of 8 work items along the first dimension (X) anda second row of 6 work items along the same dimension (X), such that theY dimension has an unequal number of work items (one in some places andtwo in others) relative to the X dimension.

Returning to FIG. 16A, compiler/WS logic 1600 receives programinstructions for generating a ND Range command, which command operateson 2D (4×4) configuration of operands 1610. The downwards pointingarrows indicate the directional flow of the processing performed by thecompiler/WS logic 1600. When the instructions are received, compiler/WSlogic 1600 generates the ND range command(s)/kernel(s), and WS logicperforms a decomposition of the 2D configuration of operands 1610 into asingle dimension work element 1630 having multiple sequentially orderedwork items. As shown, single dimension (1D) work element 1630 has 16work items arranged linearly from WI_0 through WI_15 (where 15 equalsTN−1). These work items are associated with WE_0, introduced above asoccupying a first entry of GCQ (320, FIG. 3).

FIG. 17A illustrates a similar decomposition of a 3D Range configurationof operands with an original ND indices of 4×2×2. The arrows indicatethe directional flow of the processing performed by the compiler/WSlogic 1600 to generate the ND range command and single dimension workelement. Compiler 1600 receives the program instructions and generatesthe corresponding ND range command(s)/kernel(s). WS logic 1600 thendecomposes the 3D range of operands 1710 into a corresponding 1D workelement 1730. As with work element 1630, work element 1730 comprises 16work items arranged linearly from WI_0 through WI_15 (where 15 equalsTN−1). These work items are again associated with WE_0, introduced aboveas occupying the first entry of GCQ (320).

During decomposition of the ND Range command/operands, WS logic 1600stores the size of each dimension, i.e., number of operands along the Xand Y dimension for 2D and X, Y and Z dimension for 3D. WS logic 1600also calculates and stores the total number (TN) of individual workitems generated from the decomposition. These values are stored alongwith a unique identifier (ID) of the work element (WE_0) to which thevalues correspond. Storage of these and other parameters of the ND rangecommand enables compiler to later re-configure/re-composes/generate theND Range output from the individual work items. The flow chart of FIG.18 provides an example method by which the compiler/WS logic 1600operates on a received program instructions associated with an ND Rangecommand to generate the single dimension work element(s).

The method begins at block 1802, and proceeds to block 1804, whichillustrates the compiler receiving the program instructions from thelocal runtime source (e.g., application 126), and generating, from thereceived program instructions, an ND Range command for an ND range workset. At decision block 1806, compiler/WS logic 1600 determines whetherthe number (N) of dimensions of the work set is greater than one (1),(e.g., a 2D or 3D, . . . work set). If the number of dimensions in theND Range command is greater than one (1), WS logic 1600 decomposes theND Range work set into a single dimension work element, as provided atblock 1808. Then, as shown at block 1809, WS logic 1600determines/calculates the specific parameters corresponding to theoriginal ND Range work set, which includes a unique identification (ID)tagged to the generated work element, the dimensionality of the ND Range(i.e., number of operands across each dimension), and total number (TN)of operands within the work set. WS logic 1600 then stores theparameters within a local storage, as provided at block 1810. The localstorage may be a persistent storage in one embodiment and memory inanother embodiment. At block 1812, compiler/WS logic 1600 (or runtimescheduler) identifies other attributes and/or functional parameterassociated with the generated ND Range command, including, for example,APU mask of processing units (or processor nodes) that are approved toexecute the work element(s) generated from the ND range command. Asdescribed herein, the APU mask is generated by the compiler/runtimescheduler with masks bits set corresponding to the selected, approvedprocessing units from among all the processing units/resources availablewithin the system for selection to dispatch the work element.

When an entry becomes available within the GCQ, the compiler/WSlogic/scheduler logic then places the generated single dimension workelement in the GCQ, at block 1814, and the scheduler forwards severalassociated parameters or attributes of the work element to the GCQ,including the initial count of the total number of work items fordispatch (i.e., the initial WIR count) and the APU mask and the seencount. On receipt of the new work element at the GCQ, the GCQ logicstores the work element in the available GCQ entry, and the GCQ logicthen initializes the seen counter value, WIR counter, and the APU maskassociated with the particular work element, as provided at block 1816.WS logic/scheduler also forwards the unique ID that is associated withthe command and links the unique ID to the work element. The processthen ends at block 1820.

With the work element arranged as a single dimensional array ofindependently executed work items, a pre-selected block/chunk size ofwork can then be quickly allocated to the different processing units insequential order of arrangement of the work items within the workelement. Work is then scheduled by chunks/blocks of sequential workitems in this 1D range work element, and the work items are each taggedwith its numbered location in the sequence of work items that comprisethe work element. Work is allocated in specific chunks so that the rangeof the allocated work and remaining work for allocation are easilycalculated. Concurrent with the scheduling/dispatching of the workitems, and as the block/chunk size of work items are assigned to aprocessing unit, the number of work items within the block is atomicallysubtracted from the WIR counter. The processing units are then aware ofwhich work dimensions to grab work from the remaining sequence by makinga single decrement in the 1D work space. This processing within a singledimension space makes scheduling or work more efficient, versus the morecomplicated marking of an ND Region and tracking of the multipledimension indices with conventional systems. The single dimension workspace also enables easier implementation of work scheduling/dispatchingfrom a GCQ and/or a LCQ, as described herein. Processing of work in boththe low latency processors and high latency processors is completed byexecuting the command on the select set (chunk size) of sequential workitems arranged in a single dimension array.

Embodiments of the invention further allow for re-composition of thework output results from the execution of the work items to generate anND Range output corresponding to the ND Range work set. To enable laterprocessing of the work output results, one or more of the schedulerlogic, GCQ logic, or WS logic assigns the unique ID (from thekernel/command) to the work element and a unique positional number foreach work item within the single dimension array. The unique ID andpositional number are both linked to the work items dispatched to theprocessing units and remain linked to the corresponding work outputresult generated when the work item is executed by the processing unit.Additionally, each work element is provided a WIR count value and totalnumber (TN) value to enable the GCQ logic and/or the processing unit toidentify the unique positional number for each work item dispatched tothe processing unit. With the work output results being identified withthis unique ID and the unique positional number of the work outputresults relative to each other, WS logic is then able to identify whichwork output results belong to the original ND Range command, and alsodetermine the specific ND index position within the original ND Rangeconfiguration of ND range operands. An ND Range output having similar NDconfiguration as the ND range work set (configuration of operands) maythus be generated from the single dimension work output results. There-composition/generation of the ND range output is further supported bythe WS logic also storing the methodology utilized by a first algorithmin decomposing the original ND Range work set.

Thus, all relevant ND Range decomposition parameters are stored in apersistent local storage or memory of the local processing system (seeFIG. 1).

Referring now to FIGS. 16B and 17B, as well as FIGS. 19A-19F, there areprovided a series of diagrams that illustrates the decomposition, workitems dispatch, and re-composition processes of one or more embodimentsdescribed herein. Beginning first with FIGS. 16B and 17B, whichgenerally show the processing units' generation of single dimension workoutput results from a 2D range command and a 3D range command,respectively, and subsequent re-combination of the single dimensionoutputs into respective 2D and 3D range outputs. With the 2D embodimentof FIG. 16B and 3D embodiment of FIG. 17B, the work items of WE_0 arescheduled for completion on three processing units, namely processorcore_0 111, processor core_0 115, and processor core_0 171 (FIG. 1).During work allocation/dispatch/grabbing by the processing nodes, aparticular chunk or grouping size is provided to the node, and thatchunk size of work items is simple removed from one end of the singledimension work element, beginning with the last remaining work item andproceeding sequentially until the chunk size is allocated. The examplesprovide for a chunk size of four (4) work items for local (low latency)processing nodes and a larger chunk size of eight (8) work items forremote (high latency) processing nodes. The chunk sizes of work itemsare scheduled in sequential order from GCQ/LCQ on each processor coreusing a combination of the WIR/LWIR count and the chunk size.

Following processing/execution of the command on the particular workitems at each processing unit, the processing unit forwards the workoutput results 1630/1730 to the WS logic 1600. Using the unique ID, theWS logic 1600 determines which stored parameters are associated with thework output results 1630/1730, and the WS logic 1600 retrieves otherrelevant parameters, including the total number of individualoperands/work items, the original ND Range (index) configuration, andthe specific algorithm utilized to perform the initial decomposition.These parameters are then provided to a second algorithm of WS logic1600, which second algorithm generates resulting ND range outputs1650/1750 from the single dimension work output results 1630/1730.

FIGS. 19A-19E provide a sequence of diagrams showing the decompositionof an initial configuration of 3D range operands into sequentiallyordered, single dimension work items and subsequent dispatching in anordered sequence to requesting processing units, according to oneembodiment. Beginning with FIG. 19A, there is illustrated a 3×3×3, three(3) dimensional work set arranged in an x,y,z configuration (i.e.,having x, y, and z directional indices). The 3D work set comprises 27total operands, which are numbered one through 26 in FIG. 19B toillustrate the mapping of the operands from the 3D space 1902 into the1D array 1904 of 26 work items. As further provide by FIG. 19B, eachwork item corresponds to a specific 3D index space (i.e., work item 0,with index space 0,0,0 through work item 26 with index space 2,2,2).FIG. 19B thus illustrates the decomposition of the z,y,x, 3D work set(or operands 000, through 2,2,2) into a single dimension work element(array) 1902 of 26 sequentially ordered work items. FIGS. 19C-19E thenillustrates the dispatching of the work items in sequential order to therequesting processors. As shown, the work items are dispatched inchunks. The GCQ logic tracks the WIR count after each dispatch andprovides that WIR count to the processing unit.

In FIG. 19C, the first set of work items are reserved for execution by asingle processing unit, which reserves a chunk of 10 work items from thework set (or work element). The number of available work items (i.e.,the WIR count) is reduced from 27 to 17, and the WIR count indicatesthat 17 work items are still available for reservation by a processingunit. Once the first set of work items have been dispatched forcompletion, a second set are reserved for execution by a singleprocessing unit, as illustrated by FIG. 19D. The processing unitreserves another 10 work items from the work element, starting at thelocation of the next sequential work item of the 17 remaining workitems. The GCQ logic then reduces the WIR count showing the number ofavailable work items from 17 to 7. As provided by FIG. 19E, theremaining seven (7) work items are then reserved for execution by asingle processing unit. The processing unit may attempt to reserveanother 10 work items from the work set, but only seven (7) areavailable to be reserved. Thus, from a work dispatching perspectiveand/or work scheduling perspective, across all processing units, allwork items and/or chunks of work items for the same work element aredispatched in a same ascending or descending order. At this point in theexecution of the work set, all available work items have been consumed.

Depending on the number of approved processing units, the abovereservations may occur in sequence or in a near simultaneous manner. Forexample, with a single processing unit executing all 27 of the workitems, the second and third reservation of work items may occur onlyonce the single processing unit has completed executing the previouschunk of work items. In an alternate embodiment, in which multipleprocessing units operate simultaneously and are contenting for work fromthe GCQ, the GCQ may schedule the three chunks of reserved work itemsfor simultaneous completion on each of the processing units thatreserved one of the chunks of work items.

During the above described ND Range decomposition process, all theprocessing units in a multi-processor implementation utilize the sameordering sequence/scheme for scheduling work across the multipleprocessing units. According to one embodiment, the ordering is computedusing the ND-Range's dimensions (e.g. 3×3×3) and the single dimension(1D) sequence number (e.g. 26). When retrieving work items forprocessing from the single dimension array of re-configured work itemswithin work element in the GCQ, each processing unit only needs to keeptrack of the work remaining (WIR) count that was decremented from thework element and the number of elements the particular processing unitneeds to execute (i.e., the processing unit's chunk size). The GCQ logicthen only needs to maintain the WIR count for each work element. Thechunk size may be tailored to the target processing unit depending onstatic characteristics or collected heuristics. Communicating andscheduling is more efficiently managed through the use of a reservedrange from the single dimension work element in the GCQ.

Referring now to FIG. 20, there is illustrated a flow chart of onemethod by which WS logic 1600 performs the generation/re-composition ofsingle dimension work output results from a series of individual workitems executed by one or more processing units as described above. Themethod begins at initiation block 2000 and proceeds to block 2004 atwhich processing units generate work output results from execution ofwork items from a work element within the GCQ. At block 2006, theprocessing units executing the work items retrieved from GCQ forwardsthe work output/results to WS logic, which receives the individualsingle dimension work output/results from the processing units in noparticular order. Because several different processing units execute thework items, and the work items are completed in no particular orderrelative to each other, across the different approved processing units,the order in which the work output/results are returned may be out ofsequence from their dispatch order. Thus, the return of the work/outputresults does not necessarily follow the sequential order in which thework items are dispatched.

At block 2008, WS logic retrieves the unique work ID (unique ID) and thedispatch order sequence number (e.g., 26, 25, 24, . . . , or 0)associated with the particular work output/results. In one embodiment,these parameters are embedded within the work output/results. WS logicthen locates the matching set of ND range parameters in storage bycomparing (and matching) the work ID from within the work output/resultswith the unique ID of the ND Range command, as indicated at block 2010.A match of the work ID with the unique ID identifies the specific NDRange work set that was decomposed to create the single dimension arrayof work items. At block 2012, WS logic retrieves from persistent storageall of the other parameters related to the command/work element fromwhich the work output/results were generated. In the illustrativeembodiment, using the sequence order from the work output/results, WSlogic re-arranges the work output results in the sequential order (ofthe work items), as shown at block 2014. With the work output/resultsarranged in the correct ordered sequence, WS logic initiates a secondalgorithm which provides an inverse mapping of the one dimensional arrayof work output/results into a corresponding 3D range output, asindicated at block 2016. The second algorithm is thus an inversealgorithm of the first algorithm utilized to decompose the ND range workset.

One example of the second algorithm is now provided, according to oneembodiment, in which a 3D range of operands are arranged with a 4×4×2configuration of 32, 3D range operands. When decomposing the 3D Rangework set, WS logic tracks the order in which the dimensions aredecomposed (e.g., x, then y, then z) and stored this orderinginformation for later use during the re-composition process. In anembodiment in which the x, y, and z indices follow the traditionalgeometric directions, the x dimension represents the row in a firstplane, the y dimension represents the column in the same first plane,and the z direction represents the vertical/horizontal directionperpendicular to the first plane. Each xy plane in the z direction isdescribed herein as a slice, such that the z direction provides slice 0and slice 1, in the present example. When a work output/result isreceived, e.g., work output 22, WS logic retrieves the sequence number(22) from the work output, which number indicates that the work itemwhich generated the work output was work item number 22 of the workelement. The work element when placed in the GCQ contained work itemsnumbered from zero (0) through 31, which were dispatched in thatsequentially order. Each work item was then tagged with its specificsequential number, and that number is embedded within the correspondingwork output/result.

In order to index work output 22 into its proper 3D position from theoriginal 3D configuration, the algorithm first determines the directionof the last slice used during decomposition (i.e., which dimension waslast used to break the indexed operands (x,y,z) out of the 3Dconfiguration). With the z direction determined, the algorithm thenmultiplies the sizes of each other direction with each other to generatea first argument. Thus, assume, for example, that the 4×4×2 work set wasdecomposed (with sequential operands assigned) in the x, then y, then zdirection, with z being of size 2, and x and y of sizes 4. Then, duringre-composition, the WS logic or the second algorithm divides thesequence number (22) by 16 (4 multiplied by 4) to find to which slice ofz operands (slice 0 or slice 1) to map the particular work output(corresponding to the slice of the operand that generated the work itemwith sequence number 22). Thus, the z slice is determined as: 22 dividedby 16, which yields whole number result one (1) with remainder 6. Thewhole number portion of the result (i.e., 1) indicates the z slice isslice 1.

The remainder is then divided by the size of the next decomposeddimension (y) to find the y column in slice 1 of the z dimension. Thus,the algorithm computes the y column as: six (6) divided by four (4),which yields second whole number result one (1), with remainder two (2).The one (1) indicates that the y position is in the second y column inthe second z slice. Also, the remainder, two (2) then indicates the xrow position in that particular y column. Thus, utilizing the secondalgorithm, WS logic is able to re-composed the ND Range output, withwork output 22 mapped into the position with indices 2,1,1 (in terms ofrow, column, slice). It is understood that different algorithms ormethods may be provided to enable the re-composition process, and allsuch algorithms/method fall within the equivalents of the describedembodiment.

In one alternate embodiment, rather than first re-arranging the workoutput/results in sequential order, WS logic automatically determines,via a third algorithm, the ND range index (e.g., x, y, z) correspondingto the dispatch order sequence number within each received workoutput/result. WS logic generates the corresponding ND Range outpututilizing the stored ND Range indices, the sequence orderinginformation, and the total number of initially generated work items. Asthe work results are received, WS logic tracks the number of workresults received, and compares the number against the previously storedtotal work items count, as shown at decision block 2018. When WS logichas received the total number of work results, i.e., the expected numberof work results generated from the ND range operands and/orcorresponding dispatched work items, WS logic stops monitoring foradditional output/results for the specific work element/ND Rangecommand. WS logic is able to halt further monitoring and mapping ofresults because there is an exact relationship (one-to-one or otherknown ratio) between the number of operands and number of work itemsdispatched versus the number of work output/results generated. As eachwork output/result is received, WS logic also detects the sequencenumber of the work result, corresponding to the number in the sequenceof work items that were dispatched. For example, in a work elementhaving 16 work items, work result 16 corresponds to first dispatchedwork item 16, while work result seven (7) corresponds to sequentiallydispatched work item 7, which is dispatched after work item 8 and beforework item 6, or together with other work items if in the same chunk ofwork items being dispatched to a processing node or processing unit.

While described as a one-to-one mapping herein, other embodimentsprovide for a single operand and/or work item to each generate multiplework output/results. In these alternate embodiments, WS logic wouldapply a pre-determined multiplier (M, for a one-to-M input versus outputrelationship) for each work item. The result of the multiplication of Mwith the total number of operands/work items provides a second “totalnumber of outputs for mapping” parameter used to track completion of theinverse mapping function that is implemented to generate the ND Rangeoutput. Alternatively, WS logic may also store the multiplier (M) as oneof the parameters of the ND Range command (or work element), and thenapply the multiplier only during the re-composition process to determinewhen re-composition of the ND Range output is complete. With the totalnumber of work results accounted for, WS logic is able to re-constructthe ND Range output, as if the processing units had operated on the NDRange data set rather than the substantially simpler, single dimensiondata array.

Returning to decision block 2018, when the total number of workoutput/results have been mapped into the ND Range output, WS logicpasses the ND Range output to the application space to which the workresults is to be provided, as shown at block 2020. Notably, the ND Rangeoutput presented is exactly the same output that would have beengenerated using a conventional ND Range execution paradigm in which theactual ND range indices are tracked throughout the entire executionsequence to account for the specific individual position of (a) eachoperand and (b) each corresponding result in the ND range. However, theND Range output provided by the present described embodiments isgenerated with substantially reduced usage of processing and memoryresources, which would otherwise have been required to track theN-dimensional indices with (a) each operand and (b) each operation and(c) each generated work result, as required by conventional ND Rangeprocessing. The process of FIG. 20 ends at block 2022.

In each of the flow charts above, one or more of the methods may beembodied in a computer readable medium containing computer readable codesuch that a series of steps are performed when the computer readablecode is executed on a computing device. In some implementations, certainsteps of the methods are combined, performed simultaneously or in adifferent order, or perhaps omitted, without deviating from the spiritand scope of the invention. Thus, while the method steps are describedand illustrated in a particular sequence, use of a specific sequence ofsteps is not meant to imply any limitations on the invention. Changesmay be made with regards to the sequence of steps without departing fromthe spirit or scope of the present invention. Use of a particularsequence is therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and thescope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims.

As provided herein, the embodiments describe a method, computer system,and an article of manufacture (or computer program product) forefficient dispatch/completion of an N Dimensional (ND) Range command.The method comprises: a compiler generating one or more commands fromreceived program instructions, wherein said one or more commands areutilized by a runtime scheduler to schedule work for execution on one ormore processing units within the data processing system; ND Range workprocessing (WP) logic associated with the compiler determining when acommand generated by the compiler will be implemented over an ND Rangeof operands that are arranged in an N dimensional configuration, where Nis greater than one (1); when N is greater than one (1), automaticallydecomposing the ND Range of operands into a one (1) dimension workelement comprising P sequentially ordered work items that eachrepresent, within the one dimensional work element, one of the ND Rangeof operands; placing the single dimension work element within one ormore entries of a command queue of the data processing system, whereineach of the one or more entries holds a 1D array of work items in anordered sequence; and enabling sequential dispatch of the 1D array ofwork items from the command queue to the one or more processing units,wherein the 1D array of work items are dispatched for execution in theordered sequence.

In one embodiment, the automatically decomposing the ND Range ofoperands into a one (1) dimension work element further comprises:selecting a first mapping order for re-arranging the ND Range ofoperands, which order is provided by a first logic/algorithm fordecomposing ND Range of operands, wherein said first mapping order is apre-programmed first order; utilizing the first mapping order,dynamically mapping each operand from the ND Range to a 1D indexlocation within the single dimension array of the work element; taggingthe work element with an indication of the first mapping order utilizedto create the single dimension array from the ND Range. Theautomatically decomposing the ND Range of operands into a one (1)dimension work element further comprises: determining a numerical sizeof each dimension within the ND Range, wherein a first numerical sizerepresents a total number of operands in a first dimension of the Ndimensions; representing the numerical size of each dimension in anindex format having each numerical size presented in sequence;calculating a total number of operands within the ND Range of operands;and storing the total number and the index format within a persistentstorage of the data processing system.

In yet another embodiment, calculating a total number of operands withinthe ND Range of operands comprises multiplying the numerical size ofeach dimension with each other and subtracting any index space withinthe ND Range that does not include an operand. Further, in oneembodiment, the method further comprises: providing a uniqueidentification (ID) for the command; associating the unique ID to one ormore stored parameters of the command, including the total number andindex format and a mapping order; storing the unique ID along with theone or more stored parameters; and assigning the unique ID to each workitem of the work element; detecting the unique ID from within a singledimension work output result corresponding to a single dimension workitem of the single dimension work element dispatched to the one or moreprocessing units for execution; retrieving from the persistent storage,the ND Range parameters associated with the unique ID; and generating anND Range output from multiple of the single dimension work output resultutilizing a second algorithm which factors in the total number, indexformat, and first mapping order from the first algorithm.

In another embodiment, the method comprises: responsive to receipt fromthe one or more processing units of a single dimension work outputresult corresponding to a single dimension work item of the singledimension work element dispatched to the one or more processing unitsfor execution, the ND Range WP logic generating an ND Range output bymapping the received single dimension work output result to an NDposition corresponding to an original location of the ND Range operandrepresented by the single dimension work item.

The command queue is a global command queue of a multi-node, dataprocessing system. The method further comprises: providing eachprocessing unit to which a work item of the single dimension workelement is dispatched with the unique ID of the work item; enabling eachprocessing unit to retrieve the sequentially ordered work items of thesingle dimension work element in correct sequential order to maintain anordered dispatch and tracking sequence relative to a mapping from the NDRange operations; and enabling each processing unit to tagged each workoutput result generated by executing the work item with the unique IDand information identifying the correct sequential order; sequentiallydispatching each work item as one item within a chunk of sequential workitems, wherein the chunk of sequential work items are dispatched as afirst sized chunk for low latency processing nodes and a larger secondchunk size for high latency processing nodes; automatically tracking anumber of work items remaining within the work element; forwarding to afirst processing unit to which a first chunk of work items is dispatcheda first count of work items remaining, which is utilized along with afirst chunk size to determine which work items are dispatched to thefirst processing unit; decrementing the work items remaining by thefirst chunk size to generate a second count which is forwarded to a nextprocessing unit to which a second chunk of work items are dispatched;and forwarding the unique ID of the command to the first processing unitand subsequent processing units to which the work items are dispatched.

As will be further appreciated, the processes in embodiments of thepresent invention may be implemented using any combination of software,firmware or hardware. As a preparatory step to practicing the inventionin software, the programming code (whether software or firmware) willtypically be stored in one or more machine readable storage mediums suchas fixed (hard) drives, diskettes, optical disks, magnetic tape,semiconductor memories such as ROMs, PROMs, etc., thereby making anarticle of manufacture in accordance with the invention. The article ofmanufacture containing the programming code is used by either executingthe code directly from the storage device, by copying the code from thestorage device into another storage device such as a hard disk, RAM,etc., or by transmitting the code for remote execution usingtransmission type media such as digital and analog communication linksThe methods of the invention may be practiced by combining one or moremachine-readable storage devices containing the code according to thepresent invention with appropriate processing hardware to execute thecode contained therein. An apparatus for practicing the invention couldbe one or more processing devices and storage systems containing orhaving network access to program(s) coded in accordance with theinvention.

Thus, it is important that while an illustrative embodiment of thepresent invention is described in the context of a fully functionalcomputer (server) system with installed (or executed) software, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the software aspects of anillustrative embodiment of the present invention are capable of beingdistributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that anillustrative embodiment of the present invention applies equallyregardless of the particular type of media used to actually carry outthe distribution.

While the invention has been described with reference to exemplaryembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. Inaddition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular system,device or component thereof to the teachings of the invention withoutdeparting from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intendedthat the invention not be limited to the particular embodimentsdisclosed for carrying out this invention, but that the invention willinclude all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote anyorder or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are usedto distinguish one element from another.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

1. In a data processing system, a method for efficientdispatch/completion of an N Dimensional (ND) Range command, said methodcomprising: a compiler generating one or more commands from receivedprogram instructions, wherein said one or more commands are utilized bya runtime scheduler to schedule work for execution on one or moreprocessing units within the data processing system; ND Range workscheduling (WS) logic associated with the compiler determining when acommand generated by the compiler will be implemented over an ND Rangeof operands that are arranged in an N dimensional configuration, where Nis greater than one; when N is greater than one, automaticallydecomposing the ND Range of operands into a one (1) dimension workelement comprising P sequentially ordered work items that eachrepresent, within the one dimensional work element, one of the ND Rangeof operands; placing the single dimension work element within one ormore entries of a command queue of the data processing system, whereineach of the one or more entries holds a 1D array of work items in anordered sequence; and enabling sequential dispatch of the 1D array ofwork items from the command queue to the one or more processing units,wherein the 1D array of work items are dispatched for execution in theordered sequence.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said automaticallydecomposing the ND Range of operands into a one dimension work elementfurther comprises: selecting a first mapping order for re-arranging theND Range of operands, which order is provided by a first logic/algorithmfor decomposing ND Range of operands, wherein said first mapping orderis a pre-programmed first order; utilizing the first mapping order,dynamically mapping each operand from the ND Range to a location withinthe single dimension array of the work element; tagging the work elementwith an indication of the first mapping order utilized to create thesingle dimension array from the ND Range.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein said automatically decomposing the ND Range of operands into aone dimension work element further comprises: determining a numericalsize of each dimension within the ND Range, wherein a first numericalsize represents a total number of operands in a first dimension of the Ndimensions; representing the numerical size of each dimension in anindex format having each numerical size presented in sequence;calculating a total number of operands within the ND Range of operands;and storing the total number and the index format within a persistentstorage of the data processing system.
 4. The method of claim 3, whereinsaid calculating a total number of operands within the ND Range ofoperands comprises multiplying the numerical size of each dimension witheach other and subtracting any index space within the ND Range that doesnot include an operand.
 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising:providing a unique identification (ID) for the command; associating theunique ID to one or more stored parameters of the command, including thetotal number and index format and a mapping order; storing the unique IDalong with the one or more stored parameters; and assigning the uniqueID to the work element and to each work item dispatched from the workelement.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: detecting theunique ID from within a single dimension work output resultcorresponding to a single dimension work item of the single dimensionwork element dispatched to the one or more processing units forexecution; retrieving from the persistent storage, the ND Rangeparameters associated with the unique ID; and generating an ND Rangeoutput from multiple of the single dimension work output resultutilizing a second algorithm which factors in the total number, indexformat, and first mapping order from the first algorithm.
 7. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: responsive to receipt from the one ormore processing units of a single dimension work output resultcorresponding to a single dimension work item of the single dimensionwork element dispatched to the one or more processing units forexecution, the ND Range WP logic generating an ND Range output bymapping the received single dimension work output result to an NDposition corresponding to an original location of the ND Range operandrepresented by the single dimension work item.
 8. The method of claim 5,wherein: the command queue is a global command queue of a multi-node,data processing system; and the method further comprises: providing eachprocessing unit to which a work item of the single dimension workelement is dispatched with the unique ID of the work item; enabling eachprocessing unit to retrieve the sequentially ordered work items of thesingle dimension work element in correct sequential order to maintain anordered dispatch and tracking sequence relative to a mapping from the NDRange operations; enabling each processing unit to tagged each workoutput result generated by executing the work item with the unique IDand information identifying the correct sequential order.
 9. The methodof claim 8, further comprising: sequentially dispatching each work itemas one item within a chunk of sequential work items, wherein the chunkof sequential work items are dispatched as a first sized chunk for lowlatency processing nodes and a larger second chunk size for high latencyprocessing nodes; automatically tracking a number of work itemsremaining within the work element; and forwarding to a first processingunit to which a first chunk of work items is dispatched a first count ofwork items remaining, which is utilized along with a first chunk size todetermine which work items are dispatched to the first processing unit;decrementing the work items remaining by the first chunk size togenerate a second count which is forwarded to a next processing unit towhich a second chunk of work items are dispatched; and forwarding theunique ID of the command to the first processing unit and subsequentprocessing units to which the work items are dispatched.
 10. A dataprocessing system, comprising: one or more processing units; a memorycoupled to the one or more processing units; a compiler generating oneor more kernels/commands from received program instructions, whereinsaid one or more kernels/commands are utilized by a runtime scheduler toschedule work for execution on one or more processing units within thedata processing system; ND Range work scheduling (WS) logic associatedwith the compiler performing the functions of: determining when acommand generated by the compiler will be implemented over an ND Rangeof operands that are arranged in an N dimensional configuration, where Nis greater than one; when N is greater than one, automaticallydecomposing the ND Range of operands into a one dimension work elementcomprising P sequentially ordered work items that each represent, withinthe one dimensional work element, one of the ND Range of operands; and ascheduler performing the functions of: placing the single dimension workelement within one or more entries of a command queue of the dataprocessing system, wherein each of the one or more entries holds a 1Darray of work items in an ordered sequence; and enabling sequentialdispatch of the 1D array of work items from the command queue to the oneor more processing units, wherein the 1D array of work items aredispatched for execution in the ordered sequence.
 11. The dataprocessing system of claim 10, wherein said automatically decomposingthe ND Range of operands into a one dimension work element furthercomprises: selecting a first mapping order for re-arranging the ND Rangeof operands, which order is provided by a first logic/algorithm fordecomposing ND Range of operands, wherein said first mapping order is apre-programmed first order; utilizing the first mapping order,dynamically mapping each operand from the ND Range to a location withinthe single dimension array of the work element; and tagging the workelement with an indication of the first mapping order utilized to createthe single dimension array from the ND Range.
 12. The data processingsystem of claim 11, wherein said automatically decomposing the ND Rangeof operands into a one dimension work element further comprises:determining a numerical size of each dimension within the ND Range,wherein a first numerical size represents a total number of operands ina first dimension of the N dimensions; representing the numerical sizeof each dimension in an index format having each numerical sizepresented in sequence; calculating a total number of operands within theND Range of operands; and storing the total number and the index formatwithin a persistent storage of the data processing system.
 13. The dataprocessing system of claim 12, wherein said calculating a total numberof operands within the ND Range of operands comprises multiplying thenumerical size of each dimension with each other and subtracting anyindex space within the ND Range that does not include an operand. 14.The data processing system of claim 12, further comprising processinglogic that performs the functions of: providing a unique identification(ID) for the command; associating the unique ID to one or more storedparameters of the command, including the total number and index formatand a mapping order; storing the unique ID along with the one or morestored parameters; and assigning the unique ID to the work element andto each work item dispatched from the work element.
 15. The dataprocessing system of claim 14, wherein the processing logic furthercomprises logic that performs the functions of: detecting the unique IDfrom within a single dimension work output result corresponding to asingle dimension work item of the single dimension work elementdispatched to the one or more processing units for execution; retrievingfrom the persistent storage, the ND Range parameters associated with theunique ID; and generating an ND Range output from multiple of the singledimension work output result utilizing a second algorithm which factorsin the total number, index format, and first mapping order from thefirst algorithm.
 16. The data processing system of claim 14, wherein theprocessing logic further comprises logic that performs the functions of:responsive to receipt from the one or more processing units of a singledimension work output result corresponding to a single dimension workitem of the single dimension work element dispatched to the one or moreprocessing units for execution, the ND Range WS logic generating an NDRange output by mapping the received single dimension work output resultto an ND position corresponding to an original location of the ND Rangeoperand represented by the single dimension work item.
 17. The dataprocessing system of claim 14, wherein: the command queue is a globalcommand queue of a multi-node, data processing system; and the schedulerfurther performs the functions of: providing each processing unit towhich a work item of the single dimension work element is dispatchedwith the unique ID of the work element; enabling each processing unit toretrieve the sequentially ordered work items of the single dimensionwork element in correct sequential order to maintain an ordered dispatchand tracking sequence relative to a mapping from the ND Rangeoperations; enabling each processing unit to tagged each work outputresult generated by executing the work item with the unique ID andinformation identifying the correct sequential order.
 18. The dataprocessing system of claim 10, wherein the scheduler comprises logicthat performs the functions of: sequentially dispatching each work itemas one item within a chunk of sequential work items, wherein the chunkof sequential work items are dispatched as a first sized chunk for lowlatency processing nodes and a larger second chunk size for high latencyprocessing nodes; automatically tracking a number of work itemsremaining within the work element; forwarding to a first processing unitto which a first chunk of work items is dispatched a first count of workitems remaining, which is utilized along with a first chunk size todetermine which work items are dispatched to the first processing unit;decrementing the work items remaining by the first chunk size togenerate a second count which is forwarded to a next processing unit towhich a second chunk of work items are dispatched; and forwarding theunique ID of the command to the first processing unit and subsequentprocessing units to which the work items are dispatched.
 19. The dataprocessing system of claim 14, wherein: processing logic for generatingwork that is executed by the one or more processing units comprises acompiler and ND Range WS logic associated with the compiler; workscheduling logic for dispatching work elements to the one or moreprocessing units comprises a scheduler; and processing logic forre-creating an ND Range output from the single dimension work items ofthe single dimension work element comprises the ND Range WS logic. 20.An article of manufacture embodied as a computer program productcomprising: a computer readable storage medium; and program code on thecomputer readable storage medium that is executed by a first processingunit of a data processing system to provide the method functionscomprising: triggering a compiler to generate one or morekernels/commands from received program instructions, wherein said one ormore kernels/commands are utilized by a runtime scheduler to schedulework for execution on one or more processing units within the dataprocessing system; ND Range work scheduling (WS) logic associated withthe compiler determining when a kernel/command generated by the compilerwill be implemented over an ND Range of operands that are arranged in anN dimensional configuration, where N is greater than one; when N isgreater than one, automatically decomposing the ND Range of operandsinto a one dimension work element comprising P sequentially ordered workitems that each represent, within the one dimensional work element, oneof the ND Range of operands; placing the single dimension work elementwithin one or more entries of a command queue of the data processingsystem, wherein each of the one or more entries holds a 1D array of workitems in an ordered sequence; and enabling sequential dispatch of the 1Darray of work items from the command queue to the one or more processingunits, wherein the 1D array of work items are dispatched for executionin the ordered sequence.
 21. The article of manufacture of claim 20,wherein the method functions of automatically decomposing the ND Rangeof operands into a one dimension work element further comprises:selecting a first mapping order for re-arranging the ND Range ofoperands, which order is provided by a first logic/algorithm fordecomposing ND Range of operands, wherein said first mapping order is apre-programmed first order; utilizing the first mapping order,dynamically mapping each operand from the ND Range to a location withinthe single dimension array of the work element; tagging the work elementwith an indication of the first mapping order utilized to create thesingle dimension array from the ND Range; determining a numerical sizeof each dimension within the ND Range, wherein a first numerical sizerepresents a total number of operands in a first dimension of the Ndimensions; representing the numerical size of each dimension in anindex format having each numerical size presented in sequence;calculating a total number of operands within the ND Range of operandsby multiplying the numerical size of each dimension with each other andsubtracting any index space within the ND Range that does not include anoperand; and storing the total number and the index format within apersistent storage of the data processing system.
 22. The article ofmanufacture of claim 21, wherein the method further comprises: providinga unique identification (ID) for the kernel/command; associating theunique ID to one or more stored parameters of the command, including thetotal number and index format and a mapping order; storing the unique IDalong with the one or more stored parameters; assigning the unique ID tothe work element and to each work item dispatched from the work element;detecting the unique ID from within a single dimension work outputresult corresponding to a single dimension work item of the singledimension work element dispatched to the one or more processing unitsfor execution; retrieving from the persistent storage, the ND Rangeparameters associated with the unique ID; and generating an ND Rangeoutput from multiple of the single dimension work output resultutilizing a second algorithm which factors in the total number, indexformat, and first mapping order from the first algorithm.
 23. Thearticle of manufacture of claim 20, wherein the method furthercomprises: responsive to receipt from the one or more processing unitsof a single dimension work output result corresponding to a singledimension work item of the single dimension work element dispatched tothe one or more processing units for execution, the ND Range WS logicgenerating an ND Range output by mapping the received single dimensionwork output result to an ND position corresponding to an originallocation of the ND Range operand represented by the single dimensionwork item.
 24. The article of manufacture of claim 22, wherein: thecommand queue is a global command queue (GCQ) of a multi-node, dataprocessing system; and the method further comprises: providing eachprocessing unit to which a work item of the single dimension workelement is dispatched with the unique ID of the work element; enablingeach processing unit to retrieve the sequentially ordered work items ofthe single dimension work element in correct sequential order tomaintain an ordered dispatch and tracking sequence relative to a mappingfrom the ND Range operations; and enabling each processing unit totagged each work output result generated by executing the work item withthe unique ID and information identifying the correct sequential order.25. The article of manufacture of claim 24, wherein the method furthercomprises: sequentially dispatching each work item as one item within achunk of sequential work items, wherein the chunk of sequential workitems are dispatched as a first sized chunk for low latency processingnodes and a larger second chunk size for high latency processing nodes;automatically tracking a number of work items remaining within the workelement; forwarding to a first processing unit to which a first chunk ofwork items is dispatched a first count of work items remaining, which isutilized along with a first chunk size to determine which work items aredispatched to the first processing unit; decrementing the work itemsremaining by the first chunk size to generate a second count which isforwarded to a next processing unit to which a second chunk of workitems are dispatched; and forwarding the unique ID of the command to thefirst processing unit and subsequent processing units to which the workitems are dispatched.